NETINTRO(4)

NAME
netintro - introduction to networking facilities

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <net/route.h>
#include <net/if.h>

DESCRIPTION
This section is a general introduction to the networking facilities available in the system. Documentation in this part of section 4 is broken up into three areas: protocol families (domains), protocols, and network interfaces.

All network protocols are associated with a specific protocol family. A protocol family provides basic services to the protocol implementation to allow it to function within a specific network environment. These services may include packet fragmentation and reassembly, routing, addressing, and basic transport. A protocol family may support multiple methods of addressing, though the current protocol implementations do not. A protocol family is normally comprised of a number of protocols, one per socket(2) type. It is not required that a protocol family support all socket types. A protocol family may contain multiple protocols supporting the same socket abstraction.

A protocol supports one of the socket abstractions detailed in socket(2). A specific protocol may be accessed either by creating a socket of the appropriate type and protocol family, or by requesting the protocol explicitly when creating a socket. Protocols normally accept only one type of address format, usually determined by the addressing structure inherent in the design of the protocol family/network architecture. Certain semantics of the basic socket abstractions are protocol specific. All protocols are expected to support the basic model for their particular socket type, but may, in addition, provide non-standard facilities or extensions to a mechanism. For example, a protocol supporting the SOCK_STREAM abstraction may allow more than one byte of out-of-band data to be transmitted per out-of-band message.

A network interface is similar to a device interface. Network interfaces comprise the lowest layer of the networking subsystem, interacting with the actual transport hardware. An interface may support one or more protocol families and/or address formats. The SYNOPSIS section of each network interface entry gives a sample specification of the related drivers for use in providing a system description to the config(8) program. The DIAGNOSTICS section lists messages which may appear on the console and/or in the system error log, /var/log/messages (see syslogd(8)), due to errors in device operation.

Network interfaces may be collected together into interface groups. An interface group is a container that can be used generically when referring to any interface related by some criteria. When an action is performed on an interface group, such as packet filtering by the pf(4) subsystem, the operation will be applied to each member interface in the group, if supported by the subsystem. The ifconfig(8) utility can be used to view and assign membership of an interface to an interface group with the group modifier.

PROTOCOLS
The system currently supports the Internet protocols (IPv4 and IPv6), Appletalk, and a few others. Raw socket interfaces are provided to the IP protocol layer of the Internet. Consult the appropriate manual pages in this section for more information regarding the support for each protocol family.

ADDRESSING
Associated with each protocol family is an address format. All network addresses adhere to a general structure, called a sockaddr, described below. However, each protocol imposes a finer, more specific structure, generally renaming the variant, which is discussed in the protocol family manual page alluded to above.

    struct sockaddr {
    	u_int8_t	sa_len;		/* total length */
    	sa_family_t	sa_family;	/* address family */
    	char		sa_data[14];	/* actually longer */
    };

The field sa_len contains the total length of the structure, which may exceed 16 bytes. The following address values for sa_family are known to the system (and additional formats are defined for possible future implementation):

    #define AF_LOCAL	1	/* local to host (pipes, portals) */
    #define AF_INET		2	/* internetwork: UDP, TCP, etc. */
    #define AF_HYLINK	15	/* NSC Hyperchannel */
    #define AF_APPLETALK	16	/* AppleTalk */
    #define AF_INET6	24	/* IPv6 */
    #define AF_NATM		27	/* native ATM access */
    #define AF_BLUETOOTH	32	/* Bluetooth */

The sa_data field contains the actual address value. Note that it may be longer than 14 bytes.

ROUTING
OpenBSD provides some packet routing facilities. The kernel maintains a routing information database, which is used in selecting the appropriate network interface when transmitting packets.

A user process (or possibly multiple co-operating processes) maintains this database by sending messages over a special kind of socket. This supplants fixed-size ioctl(2)s used in earlier releases.

This facility is described in route(4).

INTERFACES
Each network interface in a system corresponds to a path through which messages may be sent and received. A network interface usually has a hardware device associated with it, though certain interfaces such as the loopback interface, lo(4), do not.

The following ioctl(2) calls may be used to manipulate network interfaces. The ioctl(2) is made on a socket (typically of type SOCK_DGRAM) in the desired domain. Most of the requests take an ifreq structure pointer as their parameter. This structure is as follows:

    struct	ifreq {
    #define IFNAMSIZ 16
    	char	ifr_name[IFNAMSIZ];	/* if name, e.g. "en0" */
    	union {
    		struct	sockaddr ifru_addr;
    		struct	sockaddr ifru_dstaddr;
    		struct	sockaddr ifru_broadaddr;
    		short	ifru_flags;
    		int	ifru_metric;
    		caddr_t	ifru_data;
    	} ifr_ifru;
    #define ifr_addr	ifr_ifru.ifru_addr	/* address */
    #define ifr_dstaddr	ifr_ifru.ifru_dstaddr	/* p-to-p peer */
    #define ifr_broadaddr	ifr_ifru.ifru_broadaddr	/* broadcast address */
    #define ifr_flags	ifr_ifru.ifru_flags	/* flags */
    #define ifr_metric	ifr_ifru.ifru_metric	/* metric */
    #define ifr_mtu		ifr_ifru.ifru_metric	/* mtu (overload) */
    #define ifr_media	ifr_ifru.ifru_metric	/* media options */
    #define ifr_data	ifr_ifru.ifru_data	/* used by interface */
    };

The supported ioctl(2) requests are:

SIOCSIFADDR struct ifreq *
    Set the interface address for a protocol family. Following the address assignment, the “initialization” routine for the interface is called.

    This call has been deprecated and superseded by the SIOCAIFADDR call, described below.

SIOCSIFDSTADDR struct ifreq *
    Set the point-to-point address for a protocol family and interface.

    This call has been deprecated and superseded by the SIOCAIFADDR call, described below.

SIOCSIFBRDADDR struct ifreq *
    Set the broadcast address for a protocol family and interface.

    This call has been deprecated and superseded by the SIOCAIFADDR call, described below.

SIOCGIFADDR struct ifreq *
    Get the interface address for a protocol family.

SIOCGIFDSTADDR struct ifreq *
    Get the point-to-point address for a protocol family and interface.

SIOCGIFBRDADDR struct ifreq *
    Get the broadcast address for a protocol family and interface.

SIOCGIFDESCR struct ifreq *
    Get the interface description, returned in the ifru_data field.

SIOCSIFDESCR struct ifreq *
    Set the interface description to the value of the ifru_data field, limited to the size of IFDESCRSIZE.

SIOCSIFFLAGS struct ifreq *
    Set the interface flags. If the interface is marked down, any processes currently routing packets through the interface are notified; some interfaces may be reset so that incoming packets are no longer received. When marked up again, the interface is reinitialized.

SIOCGIFFLAGS struct ifreq *
    Get the interface flags.

SIOCGIFXFLAGS struct ifreq *
    Get the extended interface flags.

SIOCGIFMTU struct ifreq *
    Get the current MTU of the interface.

SIOCGIFHARDMTU struct ifreq *
    Get the maximum hardware MTU of the interface.

SIOCSIFMEDIA struct ifreq *
    Set the interface media settings. See ifmedia(4) for possible values.

SIOCGIFMEDIA struct ifmediareq *
    Get the interface media settings. The ifmediareq structure is as follows:

        struct ifmediareq {
        	char	 ifm_name[IFNAMSIZ];	/* if name, e.g. "en0" */
        	int	 ifm_current;	/* current media options */
        	int	 ifm_mask;	/* don't care mask */
        	int	 ifm_status;	/* media status */
        	int	 ifm_active;	/* active options */
        	int	 ifm_count;	/* #entries in ifm_ulist array */
        	int	*ifm_ulist;	/* media words */
        };

    See ifmedia(4) for interpreting this value.

SIOCSIFMETRIC struct ifreq *
    Set the interface routing metric. The metric is used only by user-level routers.

SIOCGIFMETRIC struct ifreq *
    Get the interface metric.

SIOCSIFPRIORITY struct ifreq *
    Set the interface routing priority. The interface routing priority influences the resulting routing priority of new static routes added to the kernel using the specified interface. The value is in the range of 0 to 16 with smaller numbers being better.

SIOCGIFPRIORITY struct ifreq *
    Get the interface priority.

SIOCGIFRDOMAIN struct ifreq *
    Get the interface routing domain. This identifies which routing table is used for the interface.

SIOCAIFADDR struct ifaliasreq *
    An interface may have more than one address associated with it in some protocols. This request provides a means to add additional addresses (or modify characteristics of the primary address if the default address for the address family is specified).

    Rather than making separate calls to set destination or broadcast addresses, or network masks (now an integral feature of multiple protocols), a separate structure, ifaliasreq, is used to specify all three facets simultaneously (see below). One would use a slightly tailored version of this structure specific to each family (replacing each sockaddr by one of the family-specific type). One should always set the length of a sockaddr, as described in ioctl(2).

    The ifaliasreq structure is as follows:

        struct ifaliasreq {
        	char	ifra_name[IFNAMSIZ];	/* if name, e.g. "en0" */
        	struct	sockaddr ifra_addr;
        	struct	sockaddr ifra_dstaddr;
        #define ifra_broadaddr ifra_dstaddr
        	struct	sockaddr ifra_mask;
        };

SIOCDIFADDR struct ifreq *
    This request deletes the specified address from the list associated with an interface. It also uses the ifaliasreq structure to allow for the possibility of protocols allowing multiple masks or destination addresses, and also adopts the convention that specification of the default address means to delete the first address for the interface belonging to the address family in which the original socket was opened.

SIOCGIFCONF struct ifconf *
    Get the interface configuration list. This request takes an ifconf structure (see below) as a value-result parameter. The ifc_len field should be initially set to the size of the buffer pointed to by ifc_buf. On return it will contain the length, in bytes, of the configuration list.

    Alternately, if the ifc_len passed in is set to 0, SIOCGIFCONF will set ifc_len to the size that ifc_buf needs to be to fit the entire configuration list and will not fill in the other parameters. This is useful for determining the exact size that ifc_buf needs to be in advance. Note, however, that this is an extension that not all operating systems support.

        struct ifconf {
        	int	ifc_len;	  /* size of associated buffer */
        	union {
        		caddr_t	ifcu_buf;
        		struct	ifreq *ifcu_req;
        	} ifc_ifcu;
        #define ifc_buf ifc_ifcu.ifcu_buf /* buffer address */
        #define ifc_req ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req /* array of structures ret'd */
        };

SIOCIFCREATE struct ifreq *
    Attempt to create the specified interface.

SIOCIFDESTROY struct ifreq *
    Attempt to destroy the specified interface.

SIOCIFGCLONERS struct if_clonereq *
    Get the list of clonable interfaces. This request takes an if_clonereq structure pointer (see below) as a value-result parameter. The ifcr_count field should be set to the number of IFNAMSIZ-sized strings that can fit in the buffer pointed to by ifcr_buffer. On return, ifcr_total will be set to the number of clonable interfaces, and the buffer pointed to by ifcr_buffer will be filled with the names of clonable interfaces aligned on IFNAMSIZ boundaries.

    The if_clonereq structure is as follows:

        struct if_clonereq {
        	int   ifcr_total;  /* total cloners (out) */
        	int   ifcr_count;  /* room for this many in user buf */
        	char *ifcr_buffer; /* buffer for cloner names */
        };

SIOCAIFGROUP struct ifgroupreq *
    Associate the interface named by ifgr_name with the interface group named by ifgr_group. The ifgroupreq structure is as follows:

        struct ifg_req {
        	char			 ifgrq_group[IFNAMSIZ];
        };
        struct ifgroupreq {
        	char	ifgr_name[IFNAMSIZ];
        	u_int	ifgr_len;
        	union {
        		char	ifgru_group[IFNAMSIZ];
        		struct	ifg_req *ifgru_groups;
        	} ifgr_ifgru;
        #define ifgr_group	ifgr_ifgru.ifgru_group
        #define ifgr_groups	ifgr_ifgru.ifgru_groups
        };

SIOCGIFGROUP struct ifgroupreq *
    Retrieve the list of groups for which an interface is a member. The interface is named by ifgr_name. On enter, the amount of memory in which the group names will be written is stored in ifgr_len, and the group names themselves will be written to the memory pointed to by ifgr_groups. On return, the amount of memory actually written is returned in ifgr_len.

    Alternately, if the ifgr_len passed in is set to 0, SIOCGIFGROUP will set ifgr_len to the size that ifgr_groups needs to be to fit the entire group list and will not fill in the other parameters. This is useful for determining the exact size that ifgr_groups needs to be in advance.

SIOCDIFGROUP struct ifgroupreq *
    Remove the membership of the interface named by ifgr_name from the group ifgr_group.

SEE ALSO
netstat(1), ioctl(2), socket(2), inet(3), arp(4), bluetooth(4), bridge(4), ifmedia(4), inet(4), intro(4), ip(4), ip6(4), lo(4), pf(4), tcp(4), udp(4), hosts(5), networks(5), bgpd(8), config(8), ifconfig(8), mrouted(8), netstart(8), ospfd(8), ripd(8), route(8)

HISTORY
The netintro manual appeared in 4.3BSD Tahoe.