"""Base class to manage a running kernel"""

# Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
# Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
import asyncio
import functools
import os
import re
import signal
import sys
import typing as t
import uuid
import warnings
from asyncio.futures import Future
from concurrent.futures import Future as CFuture
from contextlib import contextmanager
from enum import Enum

import zmq
from jupyter_core.utils import run_sync
from traitlets import (
    Any,
    Bool,
    CaselessStrEnum,
    Dict,
    DottedObjectName,
    Float,
    Instance,
    TraitError,
    Type,
    Unicode,
    default,
    observe,
    observe_compat,
    validate,
)
from traitlets.utils.importstring import import_item

from . import kernelspec
from .asynchronous import AsyncKernelClient
from .blocking import BlockingKernelClient
from .client import KernelClient
from .connect import ConnectionFileMixin
from .managerabc import KernelManagerABC
from .provisioning import KernelProvisionerBase
from .provisioning import KernelProvisionerFactory as KPF  # noqa

# After an upgrade to Sphinx 9 and myst 5, the doc build started to fail
# with the following error: :8: (ERROR/3) Unexpected indentation.
# This seems to be due to the docstring of the wrapper function inside
# in_pending_state. However, removing the docstring doe snot fix the issue
# since we use the :undoc-members: directive with automodule.
# The workaround is to explicitly set what we want to document

__all__ = [
    "AsyncKernelManager",
    "KernelManager",
    "in_pending_state",
    "run_kernel",
    "start_new_async_kernel",
    "start_new_kernel",
]


class _ShutdownStatus(Enum):
    """

    This is so far used only for testing in order to track the internal state of
    the shutdown logic, and verifying which path is taken for which
    missbehavior.

    """

    Unset = None
    ShutdownRequest = "ShutdownRequest"
    SigtermRequest = "SigtermRequest"
    SigkillRequest = "SigkillRequest"


F = t.TypeVar("F", bound=t.Callable[..., t.Any])


def _get_future() -> t.Union[Future, CFuture]:
    """Get an appropriate Future object"""
    try:
        asyncio.get_running_loop()
        return Future()
    except RuntimeError:
        # No event loop running, use concurrent future
        return CFuture()


def in_pending_state(method: F) -> F:
    """Sets the kernel to a pending state by
    creating a fresh Future for the KernelManager's `ready`
    attribute. Once the method is finished, set the Future's results.
    """

    @t.no_type_check
    @functools.wraps(method)
    async def wrapper(self: t.Any, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any:
        """Create a future for the decorated method."""
        if self._attempted_start or not self._ready:
            self._ready = _get_future()
        try:
            # call wrapped method, await, and set the result or exception.
            out = await method(self, *args, **kwargs)
            # Add a small sleep to ensure tests can capture the state before done
            await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
            if self.owns_kernel:
                self._ready.set_result(None)
            return out
        except Exception as e:
            self._ready.set_exception(e)
            self.log.exception(self._ready.exception())
            raise e

    return t.cast(F, wrapper)


class KernelManager(ConnectionFileMixin):
    """Manages a single kernel in a subprocess on this host.

    This version starts kernels with Popen.
    """

    _ready: t.Union[Future, CFuture] | None

    def __init__(self, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> None:
        """Initialize a kernel manager."""
        if args:
            warnings.warn(
                "Passing positional only arguments to "
                "`KernelManager.__init__` is deprecated since jupyter_client"
                " 8.6, and will become an error on future versions. Positional "
                " arguments have been ignored since jupyter_client 7.0",
                DeprecationWarning,
                stacklevel=2,
            )
        self._owns_kernel = kwargs.pop("owns_kernel", True)
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.Unset
        self._attempted_start = False
        self._ready = None

    _created_context: Bool = Bool(False)

    # The PyZMQ Context to use for communication with the kernel.
    context: Instance = Instance(zmq.Context)

    @default("context")
    def _context_default(self) -> zmq.Context:
        self._created_context = True
        return zmq.Context()

    # the class to create with our `client` method
    client_class: DottedObjectName = DottedObjectName(
        "jupyter_client.blocking.BlockingKernelClient", config=True
    )
    client_factory: Type = Type(klass=KernelClient, config=True)

    transport_encryption: CaselessStrEnum = CaselessStrEnum(
        ["disabled", "auto", "required"],
        default_value="disabled",
        config=True,
        help=(
            "Transport encryption policy for manager-side provisioning of CurveZMQ server keys for kernels. "
            "'disabled' (default) does not provision Curve credentials, 'auto' provisions when the kernelspec "
            "declares support, and 'required' enforces provisioning and fails startup if transport encryption "
            "cannot be applied."
        ),
    )

    @validate("transport_encryption")
    def _validate_transport_encryption(self, proposal: dict) -> str:
        value = proposal["value"]
        if value in ("auto", "required") and not zmq.has("curve"):
            msg = (
                f"transport_encryption={value!r} requires CurveZMQ support, "
                "but zmq.has('curve') returned False. "
                "Install pyzmq with libzmq compiled with libsodium to enable CurveZMQ."
            )
            raise TraitError(msg)
        return value

    def _transport_encryption_policy(self, value: str | None = None) -> str:
        """Normalize transport encryption input into one of the supported policy values."""
        if value is None:
            value = self.transport_encryption
        normalized = str(value).lower()
        if normalized not in {"disabled", "auto", "required"}:
            msg = (
                "transport_encryption must be one of: 'disabled', 'auto', 'required' "
                f"(got: {value!r})"
            )
            raise ValueError(msg)
        return normalized

    def _kernel_supports_curve_encryption(self) -> bool:
        """Whether kernelspec metadata declares support for Curve transport encryption."""
        if self.kernel_spec is None:
            return False
        metadata = getattr(self.kernel_spec, "metadata", {}) or {}
        supported_encryption = metadata.get("supported_encryption")
        if supported_encryption is None:
            return False
        if isinstance(supported_encryption, str):
            return supported_encryption.strip().lower() == "curve"
        if isinstance(supported_encryption, (list, tuple, set)):
            normalized = {str(item).strip().lower() for item in supported_encryption}
            return "curve" in normalized
        return False

    @default("client_factory")
    def _client_factory_default(self) -> Type:
        return import_item(self.client_class)

    @observe("client_class")
    def _client_class_changed(self, change: t.Dict[str, DottedObjectName]) -> None:
        self.client_factory = import_item(str(change["new"]))

    kernel_id: t.Union[str, Unicode] = Unicode(None, allow_none=True)

    # The kernel provisioner with which this KernelManager is communicating.
    # This will generally be a LocalProvisioner instance unless the kernelspec
    # indicates otherwise.
    provisioner: KernelProvisionerBase | None = None

    kernel_spec_manager: Instance = Instance(kernelspec.KernelSpecManager)

    @default("kernel_spec_manager")
    def _kernel_spec_manager_default(self) -> kernelspec.KernelSpecManager:
        return kernelspec.KernelSpecManager(data_dir=self.data_dir)

    @observe("kernel_spec_manager")
    @observe_compat
    def _kernel_spec_manager_changed(self, change: t.Dict[str, Instance]) -> None:
        self._kernel_spec = None

    shutdown_wait_time: Float = Float(
        5.0,
        config=True,
        help="Time to wait for a kernel to terminate before killing it, "
        "in seconds. When a shutdown request is initiated, the kernel "
        "will be immediately sent an interrupt (SIGINT), followed"
        "by a shutdown_request message, after 1/2 of `shutdown_wait_time`"
        "it will be sent a terminate (SIGTERM) request, and finally at "
        "the end of `shutdown_wait_time` will be killed (SIGKILL). terminate "
        "and kill may be equivalent on windows.  Note that this value can be"
        "overridden by the in-use kernel provisioner since shutdown times may"
        "vary by provisioned environment.",
    )

    kernel_name: t.Union[str, Unicode] = Unicode(kernelspec.NATIVE_KERNEL_NAME)

    @observe("kernel_name")
    def _kernel_name_changed(self, change: t.Dict[str, str]) -> None:
        self._kernel_spec = None
        if change["new"] == "python":
            self.kernel_name = kernelspec.NATIVE_KERNEL_NAME

    _kernel_spec: kernelspec.KernelSpec | None = None

    @property
    def kernel_spec(self) -> kernelspec.KernelSpec | None:
        if self._kernel_spec is None and self.kernel_name != "":
            self._kernel_spec = self.kernel_spec_manager.get_kernel_spec(self.kernel_name)
        return self._kernel_spec

    cache_ports: Bool = Bool(
        False,
        config=True,
        help="True if the MultiKernelManager should cache ports for this KernelManager instance",
    )

    @default("cache_ports")
    def _default_cache_ports(self) -> bool:
        return self.transport == "tcp"

    @property
    def ready(self) -> t.Union[CFuture, Future]:
        """A future that resolves when the kernel process has started for the first time"""
        if not self._ready:
            self._ready = _get_future()
        return self._ready

    @property
    def ipykernel(self) -> bool:
        return self.kernel_name in {"python", "python2", "python3"}

    # Protected traits
    _launch_args: t.Optional["Dict[str, Any]"] = Dict(allow_none=True)
    _control_socket: Any = Any()

    _restarter: Any = Any()

    autorestart: Bool = Bool(
        True, config=True, help="""Should we autorestart the kernel if it dies."""
    )

    shutting_down: bool = False

    def __del__(self) -> None:
        self._close_control_socket()
        self.cleanup_connection_file()

    # --------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Kernel restarter
    # --------------------------------------------------------------------------

    def start_restarter(self) -> None:
        """Start the kernel restarter."""
        pass

    def stop_restarter(self) -> None:
        """Stop the kernel restarter."""
        pass

    def add_restart_callback(self, callback: t.Callable, event: str = "restart") -> None:
        """Register a callback to be called when a kernel is restarted"""
        if self._restarter is None:
            return
        self._restarter.add_callback(callback, event)

    def remove_restart_callback(self, callback: t.Callable, event: str = "restart") -> None:
        """Unregister a callback to be called when a kernel is restarted"""
        if self._restarter is None:
            return
        self._restarter.remove_callback(callback, event)

    # --------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # create a Client connected to our Kernel
    # --------------------------------------------------------------------------

    def client(self, **kwargs: t.Any) -> BlockingKernelClient:
        """Create a client configured to connect to our kernel"""
        kw: dict = {}
        kw.update(self.get_connection_info(session=True))
        kw.update(
            {
                "connection_file": self.connection_file,
                "parent": self,
            }
        )

        # add kwargs last, for manual overrides
        kw.update(kwargs)
        return self.client_factory(**kw)

    # --------------------------------------------------------------------------
    # Kernel management
    # --------------------------------------------------------------------------

    def resolve_path(self, path: str) -> str | None:
        """Resolve path to given file."""
        assert self.provisioner is not None
        return self.provisioner.resolve_path(path)

    def update_env(self, *, env: t.Dict[str, str]) -> None:
        """
        Allow to update the environment of a kernel manager.

        This will take effect only after kernel restart when the new env is
        passed to the new kernel.

        This is useful as some of the information of the current kernel reflect
        the state of the session that started it, and those session information
        (like the attach file path, or name), are mutable.

        .. version-added: 8.5
        """
        # Mypy think this is unreachable as it see _launch_args as Dict, not t.Dict
        if (
            isinstance(self._launch_args, dict)
            and "env" in self._launch_args
            and isinstance(self._launch_args["env"], dict)  # type: ignore [unreachable]
        ):
            self._launch_args["env"].update(env)  # type: ignore [unreachable]

    def format_kernel_cmd(self, extra_arguments: t.List[str] | None = None) -> t.List[str]:
        """Replace templated args (e.g. {connection_file})"""
        extra_arguments = extra_arguments or []
        assert self.kernel_spec is not None
        cmd = self.kernel_spec.argv + extra_arguments

        if cmd and cmd[0] in {
            "python",
            "python%i" % sys.version_info[0],
            "python%i.%i" % sys.version_info[:2],
        }:
            # executable is 'python' or 'python3', use sys.executable.
            # These will typically be the same,
            # but if the current process is in an env
            # and has been launched by abspath without
            # activating the env, python on PATH may not be sys.executable,
            # but it should be.
            cmd[0] = sys.executable

        # Make sure to use the realpath for the connection_file
        # On windows, when running with the store python, the connection_file path
        # is not usable by non python kernels because the path is being rerouted when
        # inside of a store app.
        # See this bug here: https://bugs.python.org/issue41196
        ns: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {
            "connection_file": os.path.realpath(self.connection_file),
            "prefix": sys.prefix,
        }

        if self.kernel_spec:  # type:ignore[truthy-bool]
            ns["resource_dir"] = self.kernel_spec.resource_dir
        assert isinstance(self._launch_args, dict)

        ns.update(self._launch_args)

        pat = re.compile(r"\{([A-Za-z0-9_]+)\}")

        def from_ns(match: t.Any) -> t.Any:
            """Get the key out of ns if it's there, otherwise no change."""
            return ns.get(match.group(1), match.group())

        return [pat.sub(from_ns, arg) for arg in cmd]

    async def _async_launch_kernel(self, kernel_cmd: t.List[str], **kw: t.Any) -> None:
        """actually launch the kernel

        override in a subclass to launch kernel subprocesses differently
        Note that provisioners can now be used to customize kernel environments
        and
        """
        assert self.provisioner is not None
        connection_info = await self.provisioner.launch_kernel(kernel_cmd, **kw)
        assert self.provisioner.has_process
        # Provisioner provides the connection information.  Load into kernel manager
        # and write the connection file, if not already done.
        self._reconcile_connection_info(connection_info)

    _launch_kernel = run_sync(_async_launch_kernel)

    # Control socket used for polite kernel shutdown

    def _connect_control_socket(self) -> None:
        if self._control_socket is None:
            self._control_socket = self._create_connected_socket("control")
            self._control_socket.linger = 100

    def _close_control_socket(self) -> None:
        if self._control_socket is None:
            return
        self._control_socket.close()
        self._control_socket = None

    async def _async_pre_start_kernel(
        self, *, transport_encryption: str | None = None, **kw: t.Any
    ) -> t.Tuple[t.List[str], t.Dict[str, t.Any]]:
        """Prepares a kernel for startup in a separate process.

        If random ports (port=0) are being used, this method must be called
        before the channels are created.

        Parameters
        ----------
        `**kw` : optional
             keyword arguments that are passed down to build the kernel_cmd
             and launching the kernel (e.g. Popen kwargs).
        """
        self.shutting_down = False
        if transport_encryption is not None:
            self.transport_encryption = self._transport_encryption_policy(transport_encryption)
        self.kernel_id = self.kernel_id or kw.pop("kernel_id", str(uuid.uuid4()))
        # save kwargs for use in restart
        # assigning Traitlets Dicts to Dict make mypy unhappy but is ok
        self._launch_args = kw.copy()
        if (
            self._transport_encryption_policy() == "required"
            and not self._kernel_supports_curve_encryption()
        ):
            msg = (
                "transport_encryption='required' but kernelspec does not declare "
                "metadata.supported_encryption='curve'."
            )
            raise RuntimeError(msg)
        if self.provisioner is None:  # will not be None on restarts
            self.provisioner = KPF.instance(parent=self.parent).create_provisioner_instance(
                self.kernel_id,
                self.kernel_spec,
                parent=self,
            )
        kw = await self.provisioner.pre_launch(**kw)
        kernel_cmd = kw.pop("cmd")
        return kernel_cmd, kw

    pre_start_kernel = run_sync(_async_pre_start_kernel)

    async def _async_post_start_kernel(self, **kw: t.Any) -> None:
        """Performs any post startup tasks relative to the kernel.

        Parameters
        ----------
        `**kw` : optional
             keyword arguments that were used in the kernel process's launch.
        """
        self.start_restarter()
        self._connect_control_socket()
        assert self.provisioner is not None
        await self.provisioner.post_launch(**kw)

    post_start_kernel = run_sync(_async_post_start_kernel)

    @in_pending_state
    async def _async_start_kernel(self, **kw: t.Any) -> None:
        """Starts a kernel on this host in a separate process.

        If random ports (port=0) are being used, this method must be called
        before the channels are created.

        Parameters
        ----------
        `**kw` : optional
             keyword arguments that are passed down to build the kernel_cmd
             and launching the kernel (e.g. Popen kwargs).
        """
        self._attempted_start = True
        kernel_cmd, kw = await self._async_pre_start_kernel(**kw)

        # launch the kernel subprocess
        self.log.debug("Starting kernel: %s", kernel_cmd)
        await self._async_launch_kernel(kernel_cmd, **kw)
        await self._async_post_start_kernel(**kw)

    start_kernel = run_sync(_async_start_kernel)

    async def _async_request_shutdown(self, restart: bool = False) -> None:
        """Send a shutdown request via control channel"""
        content = {"restart": restart}
        msg = self.session.msg("shutdown_request", content=content)
        # ensure control socket is connected
        self._connect_control_socket()
        self.session.send(self._control_socket, msg)
        assert self.provisioner is not None
        await self.provisioner.shutdown_requested(restart=restart)
        self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.ShutdownRequest

    request_shutdown = run_sync(_async_request_shutdown)

    async def _async_finish_shutdown(
        self,
        waittime: float | None = None,
        pollinterval: float = 0.1,
        restart: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """Wait for kernel shutdown, then kill process if it doesn't shutdown.

        This does not send shutdown requests - use :meth:`request_shutdown`
        first.
        """
        if waittime is None:
            waittime = max(self.shutdown_wait_time, 0)
        if self.provisioner:  # Allow provisioner to override
            waittime = self.provisioner.get_shutdown_wait_time(recommended=waittime)

        try:
            await asyncio.wait_for(
                self._async_wait(pollinterval=pollinterval), timeout=waittime / 2
            )
        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
            self.log.debug("Kernel is taking too long to finish, terminating")
            self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.SigtermRequest
            await self._async_send_kernel_sigterm()

        try:
            await asyncio.wait_for(
                self._async_wait(pollinterval=pollinterval), timeout=waittime / 2
            )
        except asyncio.TimeoutError:
            self.log.debug("Kernel is taking too long to finish, killing")
            self._shutdown_status = _ShutdownStatus.SigkillRequest
            await self._async_kill_kernel(restart=restart)
        else:
            # Process is no longer alive, wait and clear
            if self.has_kernel:
                assert self.provisioner is not None
                await self.provisioner.wait()

    finish_shutdown = run_sync(_async_finish_shutdown)

    async def _async_cleanup_resources(self, restart: bool = False) -> None:
        """Clean up resources when the kernel is shut down"""
        if not restart:
            self.cleanup_connection_file()

        self.cleanup_ipc_files()
        self._close_control_socket()
        self.session.parent = None

        if self._created_context and not restart:
            self.context.destroy(linger=100)

        if self.provisioner:
            await self.provisioner.cleanup(restart=restart)

    cleanup_resources = run_sync(_async_cleanup_resources)

    @in_pending_state
    async def _async_shutdown_kernel(self, now: bool = False, restart: bool = False) -> None:
        """Attempts to stop the kernel process cleanly.

        This attempts to shutdown the kernels cleanly by:

        1. Sending it a shutdown message over the control channel.
        2. If that fails, the kernel is shutdown forcibly by sending it
           a signal.

        Parameters
        ----------
        now : bool
            Should the kernel be forcible killed *now*. This skips the
            first, nice shutdown attempt.
        restart: bool
            Will this kernel be restarted after it is shutdown. When this
            is True, connection files will not be cleaned up.
        """
        if not self.owns_kernel:
            return

        self.shutting_down = True  # Used by restarter to prevent race condition
        # Stop monitoring for restarting while we shutdown.
        self.stop_restarter()

        if self.has_kernel:
            await self._async_interrupt_kernel()

        if now:
            await self._async_kill_kernel()
        else:
            await self._async_request_shutdown(restart=restart)
            # Don't send any additional kernel kill messages immediately, to give
            # the kernel a chance to properly execute shutdown actions. Wait for at
            # most 1s, checking every 0.1s.
            await self._async_finish_shutdown(restart=restart)

        await self._async_cleanup_resources(restart=restart)

    shutdown_kernel = run_sync(_async_shutdown_kernel)

    async def _async_restart_kernel(
        self, now: bool = False, newports: bool = False, **kw: t.Any
    ) -> None:
        """Restarts a kernel with the arguments that were used to launch it.

        Parameters
        ----------
        now : bool, optional
            If True, the kernel is forcefully restarted *immediately*, without
            having a chance to do any cleanup action.  Otherwise the kernel is
            given 1s to clean up before a forceful restart is issued.

            In all cases the kernel is restarted, the only difference is whether
            it is given a chance to perform a clean shutdown or not.

        newports : bool, optional
            If the old kernel was launched with random ports, this flag decides
            whether the same ports and connection file will be used again.
            If False, the same ports and connection file are used. This is
            the default. If True, new random port numbers are chosen and a
            new connection file is written. It is still possible that the newly
            chosen random port numbers happen to be the same as the old ones.

        `**kw` : optional
            Any options specified here will overwrite those used to launch the
            kernel.
        """
        if self._launch_args is None:
            msg = "Cannot restart the kernel. No previous call to 'start_kernel'."
            raise RuntimeError(msg)

        # Stop currently running kernel.
        await self._async_shutdown_kernel(now=now, restart=True)

        if newports:
            self.cleanup_random_ports()

        # Start new kernel.
        self._launch_args.update(kw)
        await self._async_start_kernel(**self._launch_args)

    restart_kernel = run_sync(_async_restart_kernel)

    @property
    def owns_kernel(self) -> bool:
        return self._owns_kernel

    @property
    def has_kernel(self) -> bool:
        """Has a kernel process been started that we are actively managing."""
        return self.provisioner is not None and self.provisioner.has_process

    async def _async_send_kernel_sigterm(self, restart: bool = False) -> None:
        """similar to _kill_kernel, but with sigterm (not sigkill), but do not block"""
        if self.has_kernel:
            assert self.provisioner is not None
            await self.provisioner.terminate(restart=restart)

    _send_kernel_sigterm = run_sync(_async_send_kernel_sigterm)

    async def _async_kill_kernel(self, restart: bool = False) -> None:
        """Kill the running kernel.

        This is a private method, callers should use shutdown_kernel(now=True).
        """
        if self.has_kernel:
            assert self.provisioner is not None
            await self.provisioner.kill(restart=restart)

            # Wait until the kernel terminates.
            try:
                await asyncio.wait_for(self._async_wait(), timeout=5.0)
            except asyncio.TimeoutError:
                # Wait timed out, just log warning but continue - not much more we can do.
                self.log.warning("Wait for final termination of kernel timed out - continuing...")
                pass
            else:
                # Process is no longer alive, wait and clear
                if self.has_kernel:
                    await self.provisioner.wait()

    _kill_kernel = run_sync(_async_kill_kernel)

    async def _async_interrupt_kernel(self) -> None:
        """Interrupts the kernel by sending it a signal.

        Unlike ``signal_kernel``, this operation is well supported on all
        platforms.
        """
        if not self.has_kernel and self._ready is not None:
            if isinstance(self._ready, CFuture):
                ready = asyncio.ensure_future(t.cast(Future[t.Any], self._ready))
            else:
                ready = self._ready
            # Wait for a shutdown if one is in progress.
            if self.shutting_down:
                await ready
            # Wait for a startup.
            await ready

        if self.has_kernel:
            assert self.kernel_spec is not None
            interrupt_mode = self.kernel_spec.interrupt_mode
            if interrupt_mode == "signal":
                await self._async_signal_kernel(signal.SIGINT)

            elif interrupt_mode == "message":
                msg = self.session.msg("interrupt_request", content={})
                self._connect_control_socket()
                self.session.send(self._control_socket, msg)
        else:
            msg = "Cannot interrupt kernel. No kernel is running!"
            raise RuntimeError(msg)

    interrupt_kernel = run_sync(_async_interrupt_kernel)

    async def _async_signal_kernel(self, signum: int) -> None:
        """Sends a signal to the process group of the kernel (this
        usually includes the kernel and any subprocesses spawned by
        the kernel).

        Note that since only SIGTERM is supported on Windows, this function is
        only useful on Unix systems.
        """
        if self.has_kernel:
            assert self.provisioner is not None
            await self.provisioner.send_signal(signum)
        else:
            msg = "Cannot signal kernel. No kernel is running!"
            raise RuntimeError(msg)

    signal_kernel = run_sync(_async_signal_kernel)

    async def _async_is_alive(self) -> bool:
        """Is the kernel process still running?"""
        if not self.owns_kernel:
            return True

        if self.has_kernel:
            assert self.provisioner is not None
            ret = await self.provisioner.poll()
            if ret is None:
                return True
        return False

    is_alive = run_sync(_async_is_alive)

    async def _async_wait(self, pollinterval: float = 0.1) -> None:
        # Use busy loop at 100ms intervals, polling until the process is
        # not alive.  If we find the process is no longer alive, complete
        # its cleanup via the blocking wait().  Callers are responsible for
        # issuing calls to wait() using a timeout (see _kill_kernel()).
        while await self._async_is_alive():
            await asyncio.sleep(pollinterval)


class AsyncKernelManager(KernelManager):
    """An async kernel manager."""

    # the class to create with our `client` method
    client_class: DottedObjectName = DottedObjectName(
        "jupyter_client.asynchronous.AsyncKernelClient", config=True
    )
    client_factory: Type = Type(klass="jupyter_client.asynchronous.AsyncKernelClient", config=True)

    # The PyZMQ Context to use for communication with the kernel.
    context: Instance = Instance(zmq.asyncio.Context)

    @default("context")
    def _context_default(self) -> zmq.asyncio.Context:
        self._created_context = True
        return zmq.asyncio.Context()

    def client(  # type:ignore[override]
        self, **kwargs: t.Any
    ) -> AsyncKernelClient:
        """Get a client for the manager."""
        return super().client(**kwargs)  # type:ignore[return-value]

    _launch_kernel = KernelManager._async_launch_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    start_kernel: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_start_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    pre_start_kernel: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_pre_start_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    post_start_kernel: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_post_start_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    request_shutdown: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_request_shutdown  # type:ignore[assignment]
    finish_shutdown: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_finish_shutdown  # type:ignore[assignment]
    cleanup_resources: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_cleanup_resources  # type:ignore[assignment]
    shutdown_kernel: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_shutdown_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    restart_kernel: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_restart_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    _send_kernel_sigterm = KernelManager._async_send_kernel_sigterm  # type:ignore[assignment]
    _kill_kernel = KernelManager._async_kill_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    interrupt_kernel: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_interrupt_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    signal_kernel: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_signal_kernel  # type:ignore[assignment]
    is_alive: t.Callable[..., t.Awaitable] = KernelManager._async_is_alive  # type:ignore[assignment]


KernelManagerABC.register(KernelManager)


def start_new_kernel(
    startup_timeout: float = 60, kernel_name: str = "python", **kwargs: t.Any
) -> t.Tuple[KernelManager, BlockingKernelClient]:
    """Start a new kernel, and return its Manager and Client"""
    km = KernelManager(kernel_name=kernel_name)
    km.start_kernel(**kwargs)
    kc = km.client()
    kc.start_channels()
    try:
        kc.wait_for_ready(timeout=startup_timeout)
    except RuntimeError:
        kc.stop_channels()
        km.shutdown_kernel()
        raise

    return km, kc


async def start_new_async_kernel(
    startup_timeout: float = 60, kernel_name: str = "python", **kwargs: t.Any
) -> t.Tuple[AsyncKernelManager, AsyncKernelClient]:
    """Start a new kernel, and return its Manager and Client"""
    km = AsyncKernelManager(kernel_name=kernel_name)
    await km.start_kernel(**kwargs)
    kc = km.client()
    kc.start_channels()
    try:
        await kc.wait_for_ready(timeout=startup_timeout)
    except RuntimeError:
        kc.stop_channels()
        await km.shutdown_kernel()
        raise

    return (km, kc)


@contextmanager
def run_kernel(**kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Iterator[KernelClient]:
    """Context manager to create a kernel in a subprocess.

    The kernel is shut down when the context exits.

    Returns
    -------
    kernel_client: connected KernelClient instance
    """
    km, kc = start_new_kernel(**kwargs)
    try:
        yield kc
    finally:
        kc.stop_channels()
        km.shutdown_kernel(now=True)
