unistd.h(3)                POSIX Programmer's Manual               unistd.h(3)



PPRROOLLOOGG
       This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The OS
       implementation of this interface may differ (consult the corresponding
       OS manual page for details of OS behavior), or the interface may not be
       implemented on OS.


NNAAMMEE
       unistd.h -- standard symbolic constants and types

SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
       #include <unistd.h>

DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header defines miscellaneous symbolic constants and
       types, and declares miscellaneous functions. The actual values of the
       constants are unspecified except as shown. The contents of this header
       are shown below.

   VVeerrssiioonn TTeesstt MMaaccrrooss
       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constants.
       The values shall be suitable for use in ##iiff preprocessing directives.

       _POSIX_VERSION
             Integer value indicating version of this standard (C-language
             binding) to which the implementation conforms. For
             implementations conforming to POSIX.1-2008, the value shall be
             200809L.

       _POSIX2_VERSION
             Integer value indicating version of the Shell and Utilities
             volume of POSIX.1 to which the implementation conforms. For
             implementations conforming to POSIX.1-2008, the value shall be
             200809L. For profile implementations that define
             _POSIX_SUBPROFILE (see _S_e_c_t_i_o_n _2_._1_._5_._1, _S_u_b_p_r_o_f_i_l_i_n_g
             _C_o_n_s_i_d_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s) in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, POSIX2_VERSION may be left
             undefined or be defined with the value -1 to indicate that the
             Shell and Utilities volume of POSIX.1 is not supported. In this
             case, a call to _s_y_s_c_o_n_f_(___S_C___2___V_E_R_S_I_O_N_) shall return either
             200809L or -1 indicating that the Shell and Utilities volume of
             POSIX.1 is or is not, respectively, supported at runtime.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constant only
       if the implementation supports the XSI option; see _S_e_c_t_i_o_n _2_._1_._4, _X_S_I
       _C_o_n_f_o_r_m_a_n_c_e.  If defined, its value shall be suitable for use in ##iiff
       preprocessing directives.

       _XOPEN_VERSION
             Integer value indicating version of the X/Open Portability Guide
             to which the implementation conforms. The value shall be 700.

   CCoonnssttaannttss ffoorr OOppttiioonnss aanndd OOppttiioonn GGrroouuppss
       The following symbolic constants, if defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, shall have
       a value of -1, 0, or greater, unless otherwise specified below. For
       profile implementations that define _POSIX_SUBPROFILE (see _S_e_c_t_i_o_n
       _2_._1_._5_._1, _S_u_b_p_r_o_f_i_l_i_n_g _C_o_n_s_i_d_e_r_a_t_i_o_n_s) in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, constants
       described below as always having a value greater than zero need not be
       defined and, if defined, may have a value of -1, 0, or greater.  The
       values shall be suitable for use in ##iiff preprocessing directives.

       If a symbolic constant is not defined or is defined with the value -1,
       the option is not supported for compilation. If it is defined with a
       value greater than zero, the option shall always be supported when the
       application is executed. If it is defined with the value zero, the
       option shall be supported for compilation and might or might not be
       supported at runtime. See _S_e_c_t_i_o_n _2_._1_._6, _O_p_t_i_o_n_s for further
       information about the conformance requirements of these three
       categories of support.

       _POSIX_ADVISORY_INFO
             The implementation supports the Advisory Information option.  If
             this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be
             -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f()
             shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
             The implementation supports asynchronous input and output.  This
             symbol shall always be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_BARRIERS
             The implementation supports barriers.  This symbol shall always
             be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
             The use of _c_h_o_w_n() and _f_c_h_o_w_n() is restricted to a process with
             appropriate privileges, and to changing the group ID of a file
             only to the effective group ID of the process or to one of its
             supplementary group IDs. This symbol shall be defined with a
             value other than -1.

       _POSIX_CLOCK_SELECTION
             The implementation supports clock selection.  This symbol shall
             always be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_CPUTIME
             The implementation supports the Process CPU-Time Clocks option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_FSYNC
             The implementation supports the File Synchronization option.  If
             this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be
             -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f()
             shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_IPV6
             The implementation supports the IPv6 option.  If this symbol is
             defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0, or
             200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_JOB_CONTROL
             The implementation supports job control. This symbol shall always
             be set to a value greater than zero.

       _POSIX_MAPPED_FILES
             The implementation supports memory mapped Files.  This symbol
             shall always be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_MEMLOCK
             The implementation supports the Process Memory Locking option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_MEMLOCK_RANGE
             The implementation supports the Range Memory Locking option.  If
             this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be
             -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f()
             shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_MEMORY_PROTECTION
             The implementation supports memory protection.  This symbol shall
             always be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_MESSAGE_PASSING
             The implementation supports the Message Passing option.  If this
             symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0,
             or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_MONOTONIC_CLOCK
             The implementation supports the Monotonic Clock option.  If this
             symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0,
             or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_NO_TRUNC
             Pathname components longer than {NAME_MAX} generate an error.
             This symbol shall be defined with a value other than -1.

       _POSIX_PRIORITIZED_IO
             The implementation supports the Prioritized Input and Output
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
             The implementation supports the Process Scheduling option.  If
             this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be
             -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f()
             shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_RAW_SOCKETS
             The implementation supports the Raw Sockets option.  If this
             symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0,
             or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_READER_WRITER_LOCKS
             The implementation supports read-write locks.  This symbol shall
             always be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_REALTIME_SIGNALS
             The implementation supports realtime signals.  This symbol shall
             always be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_REGEXP
             The implementation supports the Regular Expression Handling
             option.  This symbol shall always be set to a value greater than
             zero.

       _POSIX_SAVED_IDS
             Each process has a saved set-user-ID and a saved set-group-ID.
             This symbol shall always be set to a value greater than zero.

       _POSIX_SEMAPHORES
             The implementation supports semaphores.  This symbol shall always
             be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
             The implementation supports the Shared Memory Objects option.  If
             this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be
             -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f()
             shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_SHELL
             The implementation supports the POSIX shell. This symbol shall
             always be set to a value greater than zero.

       _POSIX_SPAWN
             The implementation supports the Spawn option.  If this symbol is
             defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0, or
             200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_SPIN_LOCKS
             The implementation supports spin locks.  This symbol shall always
             be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_SPORADIC_SERVER
             The implementation supports the Process Sporadic Server option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
             The implementation supports the Synchronized Input and Output
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
             The implementation supports the Thread Stack Address Attribute
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
             The implementation supports the Thread Stack Size Attribute
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_CPUTIME
             The implementation supports the Thread CPU-Time Clocks option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
             The implementation supports the Non-Robust Mutex Priority
             Inheritance option. If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it
             shall be defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this
             symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
             The implementation supports the Non-Robust Mutex Priority
             Protection option. If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it
             shall be defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this
             symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
             The implementation supports the Thread Execution Scheduling
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
             The implementation supports the Thread Process-Shared
             Synchronization option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>,
             it shall be defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this
             symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_INHERIT
             The implementation supports the Robust Mutex Priority Inheritance
             option. If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT
             The implementation supports the Robust Mutex Priority Protection
             option. If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
             The implementation supports thread-safe functions.  This symbol
             shall always be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER
             The implementation supports the Thread Sporadic Server option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_THREADS
             The implementation supports threads.  This symbol shall always be
             set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_TIMEOUTS
             The implementation supports timeouts.  This symbol shall always
             be set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_TIMERS
             The implementation supports timers.  This symbol shall always be
             set to the value 200809L.

       _POSIX_TRACE
             The implementation supports the Trace option.  If this symbol is
             defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0, or
             200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER
             The implementation supports the Trace Event Filter option.  If
             this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be
             -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f()
             shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_TRACE_INHERIT
             The implementation supports the Trace Inherit option.  If this
             symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0,
             or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_TRACE_LOG
             The implementation supports the Trace Log option.  If this symbol
             is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0, or
             200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
             The implementation supports the Typed Memory Objects option.  If
             this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be
             -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f()
             shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32
             The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment
             with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types.

       _POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG
             The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment
             with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, and ppooiinntteerr types and an ooffff__tt type using
             at least 64 bits.

       _POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64
             The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment
             with 32-bit iinntt and 64-bit lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types.

       _POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG
             The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment
             with an iinntt type using at least 32 bits and lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and
             ooffff__tt types using at least 64 bits.

       _POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32
             The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment
             with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types.

       _POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG
             The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment
             with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, and ppooiinntteerr types and an ooffff__tt type using
             at least 64 bits.

       _POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64
             The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment
             with 32-bit iinntt and 64-bit lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types.

       _POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG
             The implementation provides a C-language compilation environment
             with an iinntt type using at least 32 bits and lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and
             ooffff__tt types using at least 64 bits.

       _POSIX2_C_BIND
             The implementation supports the C-Language Binding option. This
             symbol shall always have the value 200809L.

       _POSIX2_C_DEV
             The implementation supports the C-Language Development Utilities
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_CHAR_TERM
             The implementation supports the Terminal Characteristics option.
             The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1
             or a value greater than zero.

       _POSIX2_FORT_DEV
             The implementation supports the FORTRAN Development Utilities
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_FORT_RUN
             The implementation supports the FORTRAN Runtime Utilities option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_LOCALEDEF
             The implementation supports the creation of locales by the
             _l_o_c_a_l_e_d_e_f utility.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it
             shall be defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this
             symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_PBS
             The implementation supports the Batch Environment Services and
             Utilities option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it
             shall be defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this
             symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_PBS_ACCOUNTING
             The implementation supports the Batch Accounting option.  If this
             symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0,
             or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_PBS_CHECKPOINT
             The implementation supports the Batch Checkpoint/Restart option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_PBS_LOCATE
             The implementation supports the Locate Batch Job Request option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_PBS_MESSAGE
             The implementation supports the Batch Job Message Request option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_PBS_TRACK
             The implementation supports the Track Batch Job Request option.
             If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to
             be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by
             _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_SW_DEV
             The implementation supports the Software Development Utilities
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _POSIX2_UPE
             The implementation supports the User Portability Utilities
             option.  If this symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be
             defined to be -1, 0, or 200809L. The value of this symbol
             reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall either be -1 or 200809L.

       _XOPEN_CRYPT
             The implementation supports the X/Open Encryption Option Group.

       _XOPEN_ENH_I18N
             The implementation supports the Issue 4, Version 2 Enhanced
             Internationalization Option Group. This symbol shall always be
             set to a value other than -1.

       _XOPEN_REALTIME
             The implementation supports the X/Open Realtime Option Group.

       _XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS
             The implementation supports the X/Open Realtime Threads Option
             Group.

       _XOPEN_SHM
             The implementation supports the Issue 4, Version 2 Shared Memory
             Option Group. This symbol shall always be set to a value other
             than -1.

       _XOPEN_STREAMS
             The implementation supports the XSI STREAMS Option Group.

       _XOPEN_UNIX
             The implementation supports the XSI option.

       _XOPEN_UUCP
             The implementation supports the UUCP Utilities option. If this
             symbol is defined in _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>, it shall be defined to be -1, 0,
             or 200809L. The value of this symbol reported by _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() shall
             be either -1 or 200809L.

   EExxeeccuuttiioonn--TTiimmee SSyymmbboolliicc CCoonnssttaannttss
       If any of the following symbolic constants are not defined in the
       _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header, the value shall vary depending on the file to which
       it is applied. If defined, they shall have values suitable for use in
       ##iiff preprocessing directives.

       If any of the following symbolic constants are defined to have value -1
       in the _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header, the implementation shall not provide the
       option on any file; if any are defined to have a value other than -1 in
       the _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header, the implementation shall provide the option on
       all applicable files.

       All of the following values, whether defined as symbolic constants in
       _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> or not, may be queried with respect to a specific file using
       the _p_a_t_h_c_o_n_f() or _f_p_a_t_h_c_o_n_f() functions:

       _POSIX_ASYNC_IO
             Asynchronous input or output operations may be performed for the
             associated file.

       _POSIX_PRIO_IO
             Prioritized input or output operations may be performed for the
             associated file.

       _POSIX_SYNC_IO
             Synchronized input or output operations may be performed for the
             associated file.

       If the following symbolic constants are defined in the _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_>
       header, they apply to files and all paths in all file systems on the
       implementation:

       _POSIX_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION
             The resolution in nanoseconds for all file timestamps.

       _POSIX2_SYMLINKS
             Symbolic links can be created.

   CCoonnssttaannttss ffoorr FFuunnccttiioonnss
       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define NULL as described in _<_s_t_d_d_e_f_._h_>.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constants for
       use with the _a_c_c_e_s_s() function. The values shall be suitable for use in
       ##iiff preprocessing directives.

       F_OK        Test for existence of file.

       R_OK        Test for read permission.

       W_OK        Test for write permission.

       X_OK        Test for execute (search) permission.

       The constants F_OK, R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK and the expressions _R___O_K|_W___O_K,
       _R___O_K|_X___O_K, and _R___O_K|_W___O_K|_X___O_K shall all have distinct values.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constants for
       the _c_o_n_f_s_t_r() function:

       _CS_PATH
             This is the value for the _P_A_T_H environment variable that finds
             all standard utilities.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_ILP32_OFF32) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of initial
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and
             ooffff__tt types.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_ILP32_OFF32) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and
             ooffff__tt types.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_ILP32_OFF32) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of
             libraries to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and
             ooffff__tt types.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of initial
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, and ppooiinntteerr
             types, and an ooffff__tt type using at least 64 bits.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, and ppooiinntteerr
             types, and an ooffff__tt type using at least 64 bits.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of
             libraries to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt, lloonngg, and ppooiinntteerr
             types, and an ooffff__tt type using at least 64 bits.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_LP64_OFF64) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of initial
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt and 64-bit lloonngg,
             ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_LP64_OFF64) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt and 64-bit lloonngg,
             ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_LP64_OFF64_LIBS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_LP64_OFF64) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of
             libraries to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with 32-bit iinntt and 64-bit lloonngg,
             ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of initial
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with an iinntt type using at least 32 bits
             and lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types using at least 64 bits.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with an iinntt type using at least 32 bits
             and lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types using at least 64 bits.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of
             libraries to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build an application
             using a programming model with an iinntt type using at least 32 bits
             and lloonngg, ppooiinntteerr, and ooffff__tt types using at least 64 bits.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_THREADS_CFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_POSIX_THREADS) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of initial
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build a multi-threaded
             application. These flags are in addition to those associated with
             any of the other _CS_POSIX_V7_*_CFLAGS values used to specify
             particular type size programing environments.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_THREADS_LDFLAGS
             If _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(_SC_POSIX_THREADS) returns -1, the meaning of this
             value is unspecified. Otherwise, this value is the set of final
             options to be given to the _c_9_9 utility to build a multi-threaded
             application. These flags are in addition to those associated with
             any of the other _CS_POSIX_V7_*_LDFLAGS values used to specify
             particular type size programing environments.

       _CS_POSIX_V7_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS
             This value is a <newline>-separated list of names of programming
             environments supported by the implementation in which the widths
             of the bbllkkssiizzee__tt, cccc__tt, mmooddee__tt, nnffddss__tt, ppiidd__tt, ppttrrddiiffff__tt, ssiizzee__tt,
             ssppeeeedd__tt, ssssiizzee__tt, ssuusseeccoonnddss__tt, ttccffllaagg__tt, wwcchhaarr__tt, and wwiinntt__tt
             types are no greater than the width of type lloonngg.  The format of
             each name shall be suitable for use with the _g_e_t_c_o_n_f --vv option.

       _CS_V7_ENV
             This is the value that provides the environment variable
             information (other than that provided by _CS_PATH) that is
             required by the implementation to create a conforming
             environment, as described in the implementation's conformance
             documentation.

       The following symbolic constants are reserved for compatibility with
       Issue 6:

       _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS
       _CS_POSIX_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS
       _CS_V6_ENV

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define SEEK_CUR, SEEK_END, and SEEK_SET as
       described in _<_s_t_d_i_o_._h_>.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constants as
       possible values for the _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n argument to the _l_o_c_k_f() function:

       F_LOCK      Lock a section for exclusive use.

       F_TEST      Test section for locks by other processes.

       F_TLOCK     Test and lock a section for exclusive use.

       F_ULOCK     Unlock locked sections.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constants for
       _p_a_t_h_c_o_n_f():

       _PC_2_SYMLINKS
       _PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN
       _PC_ASYNC_IO
       _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
       _PC_FILESIZEBITS
       _PC_LINK_MAX
       _PC_MAX_CANON
       _PC_MAX_INPUT
       _PC_NAME_MAX
       _PC_NO_TRUNC
       _PC_PATH_MAX
       _PC_PIPE_BUF
       _PC_PRIO_IO
       _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE
       _PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE
       _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE
       _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN
       _PC_SYMLINK_MAX
       _PC_SYNC_IO
       _PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION
       _PC_VDISABLE

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constants for
       _s_y_s_c_o_n_f():

       _SC_2_C_BIND
       _SC_2_C_DEV
       _SC_2_CHAR_TERM
       _SC_2_FORT_DEV
       _SC_2_FORT_RUN
       _SC_2_LOCALEDEF
       _SC_2_PBS
       _SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING
       _SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT
       _SC_2_PBS_LOCATE
       _SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE
       _SC_2_PBS_TRACK
       _SC_2_SW_DEV
       _SC_2_UPE
       _SC_2_VERSION
       _SC_ADVISORY_INFO
       _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
       _SC_AIO_MAX
       _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
       _SC_ARG_MAX
       _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
       _SC_ATEXIT_MAX
       _SC_BARRIERS
       _SC_BC_BASE_MAX
       _SC_BC_DIM_MAX
       _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX
       _SC_BC_STRING_MAX
       _SC_CHILD_MAX
       _SC_CLK_TCK
       _SC_CLOCK_SELECTION
       _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
       _SC_CPUTIME
       _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX
       _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX
       _SC_FSYNC
       _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX
       _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX
       _SC_HOST_NAME_MAX
       _SC_IOV_MAX
       _SC_IPV6
       _SC_JOB_CONTROL
       _SC_LINE_MAX
       _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX
       _SC_MAPPED_FILES
       _SC_MEMLOCK
       _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE
       _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION
       _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING
       _SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK
       _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX
       _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX
       _SC_NGROUPS_MAX
       _SC_OPEN_MAX
       _SC_PAGE_SIZE
       _SC_PAGESIZE
       _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO
       _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
       _SC_RAW_SOCKETS
       _SC_RE_DUP_MAX
       _SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS
       _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS
       _SC_REGEXP
       _SC_RTSIG_MAX
       _SC_SAVED_IDS
       _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX
       _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX
       _SC_SEMAPHORES
       _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
       _SC_SHELL
       _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX
       _SC_SPAWN
       _SC_SPIN_LOCKS
       _SC_SPORADIC_SERVER
       _SC_SS_REPL_MAX
       _SC_STREAM_MAX
       _SC_SYMLOOP_MAX
       _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
       _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
       _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
       _SC_THREAD_CPUTIME
       _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS
       _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX
       _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
       _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
       _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
       _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
       _SC_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_INHERIT
       _SC_THREAD_ROBUST_PRIO_PROTECT
       _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
       _SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER
       _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN
       _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX
       _SC_THREADS
       _SC_TIMEOUTS
       _SC_TIMER_MAX
       _SC_TIMERS
       _SC_TRACE
       _SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER
       _SC_TRACE_EVENT_NAME_MAX
       _SC_TRACE_INHERIT
       _SC_TRACE_LOG
       _SC_TRACE_NAME_MAX
       _SC_TRACE_SYS_MAX
       _SC_TRACE_USER_EVENT_MAX
       _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX
       _SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
       _SC_TZNAME_MAX
       _SC_V7_ILP32_OFF32
       _SC_V7_ILP32_OFFBIG
       _SC_V7_LP64_OFF64
       _SC_V7_LPBIG_OFFBIG
       _SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32
       _SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG
       _SC_V6_LP64_OFF64
       _SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG
       _SC_VERSION
       _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT
       _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N
       _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME
       _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS
       _SC_XOPEN_SHM
       _SC_XOPEN_STREAMS
       _SC_XOPEN_UNIX
       _SC_XOPEN_UUCP
       _SC_XOPEN_VERSION

       The two constants _SC_PAGESIZE and _SC_PAGE_SIZE may be defined to have
       the same value.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constants for
       file streams:

       STDERR_FILENO File number of _s_t_d_e_r_r; 2.

       STDIN_FILENO  File number of _s_t_d_i_n; 0.

       STDOUT_FILENO File number of _s_t_d_o_u_t; 1.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the following symbolic constant for
       terminal special character handling:

       _POSIX_VDISABLE
                     This symbol shall be defined to be the value of a
                     character that shall disable terminal special character
                     handling as described in _S_e_c_t_i_o_n _1_1_._2_._6, _S_p_e_c_i_a_l _C_o_n_t_r_o_l
                     _C_h_a_r_a_c_t_e_r_s.  This symbol shall always be set to a value
                     other than -1.

   TTyyppee DDeeffiinniittiioonnss
       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the ssiizzee__tt, ssssiizzee__tt, uuiidd__tt, ggiidd__tt,
       ooffff__tt, and ppiidd__tt types as described in _<_s_y_s_/_t_y_p_e_s_._h_>.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall define the iinnttppttrr__tt type as described in
       _<_i_n_t_t_y_p_e_s_._h_>.

   DDeeccllaarraattiioonnss
       The following shall be declared as functions and may also be defined as
       macros. Function prototypes shall be provided.

           iinntt          aacccceessss((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, iinntt));;
           uunnssiiggnneedd     aallaarrmm((uunnssiiggnneedd));;
           iinntt          cchhddiirr((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **));;
           iinntt          cchhoowwnn((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, uuiidd__tt,, ggiidd__tt));;
           iinntt          cclloossee((iinntt));;
           ssiizzee__tt       ccoonnffssttrr((iinntt,, cchhaarr **,, ssiizzee__tt));;
           cchhaarr        **ccrryypptt((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **));;
           iinntt          dduupp((iinntt));;
           iinntt          dduupp22((iinntt,, iinntt));;
           vvooiidd         __eexxiitt((iinntt));;
           vvooiidd         eennccrryypptt((cchhaarr [[6644]],, iinntt));;
           iinntt          eexxeeccll((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ......));;
           iinntt          eexxeeccllee((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ......));;
           iinntt          eexxeeccllpp((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ......));;
           iinntt          eexxeeccvv((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, cchhaarr **ccoonnsstt [[]]));;
           iinntt          eexxeeccvvee((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, cchhaarr **ccoonnsstt [[]],, cchhaarr **ccoonnsstt [[]]));;
           iinntt          eexxeeccvvpp((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, cchhaarr **ccoonnsstt [[]]));;
           iinntt          ffaacccceessssaatt((iinntt,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, iinntt,, iinntt));;
           iinntt          ffcchhddiirr((iinntt));;
           iinntt          ffcchhoowwnn((iinntt,, uuiidd__tt,, ggiidd__tt));;
           iinntt          ffcchhoowwnnaatt((iinntt,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, uuiidd__tt,, ggiidd__tt,, iinntt));;
           iinntt          ffddaattaassyynncc((iinntt));;
           iinntt          ffeexxeeccvvee((iinntt,, cchhaarr **ccoonnsstt [[]],, cchhaarr **ccoonnsstt [[]]));;
           ppiidd__tt        ffoorrkk((vvooiidd));;
           lloonngg         ffppaatthhccoonnff((iinntt,, iinntt));;
           iinntt          ffssyynncc((iinntt));;
           iinntt          ffttrruunnccaattee((iinntt,, ooffff__tt));;
           cchhaarr        **ggeettccwwdd((cchhaarr **,, ssiizzee__tt));;
           ggiidd__tt        ggeetteeggiidd((vvooiidd));;
           uuiidd__tt        ggeetteeuuiidd((vvooiidd));;
           ggiidd__tt        ggeettggiidd((vvooiidd));;
           iinntt          ggeettggrroouuppss((iinntt,, ggiidd__tt [[]]));;
           lloonngg         ggeetthhoossttiidd((vvooiidd));;
           iinntt          ggeetthhoossttnnaammee((cchhaarr **,, ssiizzee__tt));;
           cchhaarr        **ggeettllooggiinn((vvooiidd));;
           iinntt          ggeettllooggiinn__rr((cchhaarr **,, ssiizzee__tt));;
           iinntt          ggeettoopptt((iinntt,, cchhaarr ** ccoonnsstt [[]],, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **));;
           ppiidd__tt        ggeettppggiidd((ppiidd__tt));;
           ppiidd__tt        ggeettppggrrpp((vvooiidd));;
           ppiidd__tt        ggeettppiidd((vvooiidd));;
           ppiidd__tt        ggeettppppiidd((vvooiidd));;
           ppiidd__tt        ggeettssiidd((ppiidd__tt));;
           uuiidd__tt        ggeettuuiidd((vvooiidd));;
           iinntt          iissaattttyy((iinntt));;
           iinntt          llcchhoowwnn((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, uuiidd__tt,, ggiidd__tt));;
           iinntt          lliinnkk((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **));;
           iinntt          lliinnkkaatt((iinntt,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, iinntt,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, iinntt));;
           iinntt          lloocckkff((iinntt,, iinntt,, ooffff__tt));;
           ooffff__tt        llsseeeekk((iinntt,, ooffff__tt,, iinntt));;
           iinntt          nniiccee((iinntt));;
           lloonngg         ppaatthhccoonnff((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, iinntt));;
           iinntt          ppaauussee((vvooiidd));;
           iinntt          ppiippee((iinntt [[22]]));;
           ssssiizzee__tt      pprreeaadd((iinntt,, vvooiidd **,, ssiizzee__tt,, ooffff__tt));;
           ssssiizzee__tt      ppwwrriittee((iinntt,, ccoonnsstt vvooiidd **,, ssiizzee__tt,, ooffff__tt));;
           ssssiizzee__tt      rreeaadd((iinntt,, vvooiidd **,, ssiizzee__tt));;
           ssssiizzee__tt      rreeaaddlliinnkk((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **rreessttrriicctt,, cchhaarr **rreessttrriicctt,, ssiizzee__tt));;
           ssssiizzee__tt      rreeaaddlliinnkkaatt((iinntt,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **rreessttrriicctt,, cchhaarr **rreessttrriicctt,, ssiizzee__tt));;
           iinntt          rrmmddiirr((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **));;
           iinntt          sseetteeggiidd((ggiidd__tt));;
           iinntt          sseetteeuuiidd((uuiidd__tt));;
           iinntt          sseettggiidd((ggiidd__tt));;
           iinntt          sseettppggiidd((ppiidd__tt,, ppiidd__tt));;
           ppiidd__tt        sseettppggrrpp((vvooiidd));;
           iinntt          sseettrreeggiidd((ggiidd__tt,, ggiidd__tt));;
           iinntt          sseettrreeuuiidd((uuiidd__tt,, uuiidd__tt));;
           ppiidd__tt        sseettssiidd((vvooiidd));;
           iinntt          sseettuuiidd((uuiidd__tt));;
           uunnssiiggnneedd     sslleeeepp((uunnssiiggnneedd));;
           vvooiidd         sswwaabb((ccoonnsstt vvooiidd **rreessttrriicctt,, vvooiidd **rreessttrriicctt,, ssssiizzee__tt));;
           iinntt          ssyymmlliinnkk((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **));;
           iinntt          ssyymmlliinnkkaatt((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, iinntt,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **));;
           vvooiidd         ssyynncc((vvooiidd));;
           lloonngg         ssyyssccoonnff((iinntt));;
           ppiidd__tt        ttccggeettppggrrpp((iinntt));;
           iinntt          ttccsseettppggrrpp((iinntt,, ppiidd__tt));;
           iinntt          ttrruunnccaattee((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, ooffff__tt));;
           cchhaarr        **ttttyynnaammee((iinntt));;
           iinntt          ttttyynnaammee__rr((iinntt,, cchhaarr **,, ssiizzee__tt));;
           iinntt          uunnlliinnkk((ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **));;
           iinntt          uunnlliinnkkaatt((iinntt,, ccoonnsstt cchhaarr **,, iinntt));;
           ssssiizzee__tt      wwrriittee((iinntt,, ccoonnsstt vvooiidd **,, ssiizzee__tt));;

       Implementations may also include the _p_t_h_r_e_a_d___a_t_f_o_r_k() prototype as
       defined in _<_p_t_h_r_e_a_d_._h_>.  Implementations may also include the _c_t_e_r_m_i_d()
       prototype as defined in _<_s_t_d_i_o_._h_>.

       The _<_u_n_i_s_t_d_._h_> header shall declare the following external variables:

           eexxtteerrnn cchhaarr  **ooppttaarrgg;;
           eexxtteerrnn iinntt    oopptteerrrr,, ooppttiinndd,, ooppttoopptt;;

       _T_h_e _f_o_l_l_o_w_i_n_g _s_e_c_t_i_o_n_s _a_r_e _i_n_f_o_r_m_a_t_i_v_e_.

AAPPPPLLIICCAATTIIOONN UUSSAAGGEE
       POSIX.1-2008 only describes the behavior of systems that claim
       conformance to it. However, application developers who want to write
       applications that adapt to other versions of this standard (or to
       systems that do not conform to any POSIX standard) may find it useful
       to code them so as to conditionally compile different code depending on
       the value of _POSIX_VERSION, for example:

           ##iiff __PPOOSSIIXX__VVEERRSSIIOONN >>== 220000111122LL
           //** UUssee tthhee nneewweerr ffuunnccttiioonn tthhaatt ccooppeess wwiitthh llaarrggee ffiilleess.. **//
           ooffff__tt ppooss==fftteelllloo((ffpp));;
           ##eellssee
           //** EEiitthheerr tthhiiss iiss aann oolldd vveerrssiioonn ooff PPOOSSIIXX,, oorr __PPOOSSIIXX__VVEERRSSIIOONN iiss
              nnoott eevveenn ddeeffiinneedd,, ssoo uussee tthhee ttrraaddiittiioonnaall ffuunnccttiioonn.. **//
           lloonngg ppooss==fftteellll((ffpp));;
           ##eennddiiff

       Earlier versions of POSIX.1-2008 and of the Single UNIX Specification
       can be identified by the following macros:

       POSIX.1-1988 standard
             _POSIX_VERSION==198808L

       POSIX.1-1990 standard
             _POSIX_VERSION==199009L

       ISO POSIX-1:1996 standard
             _POSIX_VERSION==199506L

       Single UNIX Specification, Version 1
             _XOPEN_UNIX and _XOPEN_VERSION==4

       Single UNIX Specification, Version 2
             _XOPEN_UNIX and _XOPEN_VERSION==500

       ISO POSIX-1:2001 and Single UNIX Specification, Version 3
             _POSIX_VERSION==200112L, plus (if the XSI option is supported)
             _XOPEN_UNIX and _XOPEN_VERSION==600

       POSIX.1-2008 does not make any attempt to define application binary
       interaction with the underlying operating system. However, application
       developers may find it useful to query _SC_VERSION at runtime via
       _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() to determine whether the current version of the operating
       system supports the necessary functionality as in the following program
       fragment:

           iiff ((ssyyssccoonnff((__SSCC__VVEERRSSIIOONN)) << 220000880099LL)) {{
               ffpprriinnttff((ssttddeerrrr,, ""PPOOSSIIXX..11--22000088 ssyysstteemm rreeqquuiirreedd,, tteerrmmiinnaattiinngg \\nn""));;
               eexxiitt((11));;
           }}

       New applications should not use _XOPEN_SHM or _XOPEN_ENH_I18N.

RRAATTIIOONNAALLEE
       As POSIX.1-2008 evolved, certain options became sufficiently
       standardized that it was concluded that simply requiring one of the
       option choices was simpler than retaining the option. However, for
       backwards-compatibility, the option flags (with required constant
       values) are retained.

   VVeerrssiioonn TTeesstt MMaaccrrooss
       The standard developers considered altering the definition of
       _POSIX_VERSION and removing _SC_VERSION from the specification of
       _s_y_s_c_o_n_f() since the utility to an application was deemed by some to be
       minimal, and since the implementation of the functionality is
       potentially problematic. However, they recognized that support for
       existing application binaries is a concern to manufacturers,
       application developers, and the users of implementations conforming to
       POSIX.1-2008.

       While the example using _SC_VERSION in the APPLICATION USAGE section
       does not provide the greatest degree of imaginable utility to the
       application developer or user, it is arguably better than a ccoorree file
       or some other equally obscure result. (It is also possible for
       implementations to encode and recognize application binaries compiled
       in various POSIX.1-conforming environments, and modify the semantics of
       the underlying system to conform to the expectations of the
       application.) For the reasons outlined in the preceding paragraphs and
       in the APPLICATION USAGE section, the standard developers elected to
       retain the _POSIX_VERSION and _SC_VERSION functionality.

   CCoommppiillee--TTiimmee SSyymmbboolliicc CCoonnssttaannttss ffoorr SSyysstteemm--WWiiddee OOppttiioonnss
       POSIX.1-2008 includes support in certain areas for the newly adopted
       policy governing options and stubs.

       This policy provides flexibility for implementations in how they
       support options. It also specifies how conforming applications can
       adapt to different implementations that support different sets of
       options. It allows the following:

        1. If an implementation has no interest in supporting an option, it
           does not have to provide anything associated with that option
           beyond the announcement that it does not support it.

        2. An implementation can support a partial or incompatible version of
           an option (as a non-standard extension) as long as it does not
           claim to support the option.

        3. An application can determine whether the option is supported. A
           strictly conforming application must check this announcement
           mechanism before first using anything associated with the option.

       There is an important implication of this policy. POSIX.1-2008 cannot
       dictate the behavior of interfaces associated with an option when the
       implementation does not claim to support the option. In particular, it
       cannot require that a function associated with an unsupported option
       will fail if it does not perform as specified. However, this policy
       does not prevent a standard from requiring certain functions to always
       be present, but that they shall always fail on some implementations.
       The _s_e_t_p_g_i_d() function in the POSIX.1-1990 standard, for example, is
       considered appropriate.

       The POSIX standards include various options, and the C-language binding
       support for an option implies that the implementation must supply data
       types and function interfaces. An application must be able to discover
       whether the implementation supports each option.

       Any application must consider the following three cases for each
       option:

        1. Option never supported.

           The implementation advertises at compile time that the option will
           never be supported. In this case, it is not necessary for the
           implementation to supply any of the data types or function
           interfaces that are provided only as part of the option. The
           implementation might provide data types and functions that are
           similar to those defined by POSIX.1-2008, but there is no guarantee
           for any particular behavior.

        2. Option always supported.

           The implementation advertises at compile time that the option will
           always be supported. In this case, all data types and function
           interfaces shall be available and shall operate as specified.

        3. Option might or might not be supported.

           Some implementations might not provide a mechanism to specify
           support of options at compile time. In addition, the implementation
           might be unable or unwilling to specify support or non-support at
           compile time.  In either case, any application that might use the
           option at runtime must be able to compile and execute. The
           implementation must provide, at compile time, all data types and
           function interfaces that are necessary to allow this. In this
           situation, there must be a mechanism that allows the application to
           query, at runtime, whether the option is supported. If the
           application attempts to use the option when it is not supported,
           the result is unspecified unless explicitly specified otherwise in
           POSIX.1-2008.

FFUUTTUURREE DDIIRREECCTTIIOONNSS
       None.

SSEEEE AALLSSOO
       <<iinnttttyyppeess..hh>>, <<lliimmiittss..hh>>, <<ssttddddeeff..hh>>, <<ssttddiioo..hh>>, <<ssyyss__ssoocckkeett..hh>>,
       <<ssyyss__ttyyppeess..hh>>, <<tteerrmmiiooss..hh>>, <<wwccttyyppee..hh>>

       The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1-2008, _a_c_c_e_s_s(), _a_l_a_r_m(),
       _c_h_o_w_n(), _c_l_o_s_e(), _c_o_n_f_s_t_r(), _c_r_y_p_t(), _c_t_e_r_m_i_d(), _d_u_p(), ___E_x_i_t(),
       _e_n_c_r_y_p_t(), _e_x_e_c, _f_c_h_d_i_r(), _f_c_h_o_w_n(), _f_d_a_t_a_s_y_n_c(), _f_o_r_k(), _f_p_a_t_h_c_o_n_f(),
       _f_s_y_n_c(), _f_t_r_u_n_c_a_t_e(), _g_e_t_c_w_d(), _g_e_t_e_g_i_d(), _g_e_t_e_u_i_d(), _g_e_t_g_i_d(),
       _g_e_t_g_r_o_u_p_s(), _g_e_t_h_o_s_t_i_d(), _g_e_t_h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e(), _g_e_t_l_o_g_i_n(), _g_e_t_o_p_t(),
       _g_e_t_p_g_i_d(), _g_e_t_p_g_r_p(), _g_e_t_p_i_d(), _g_e_t_p_p_i_d(), _g_e_t_s_i_d(), _g_e_t_u_i_d(),
       _i_s_a_t_t_y(), _l_c_h_o_w_n(), _l_i_n_k(), _l_o_c_k_f(), _l_s_e_e_k(), _n_i_c_e(), _p_a_u_s_e(), _p_i_p_e(),
       _r_e_a_d(), _r_e_a_d_l_i_n_k(), _r_m_d_i_r(), _s_e_t_e_g_i_d(), _s_e_t_e_u_i_d(), _s_e_t_g_i_d(), _s_e_t_p_g_i_d(),
       _s_e_t_p_g_r_p(), _s_e_t_r_e_g_i_d(), _s_e_t_r_e_u_i_d(), _s_e_t_s_i_d(), _s_e_t_u_i_d(), _s_l_e_e_p(), _s_w_a_b(),
       _s_y_m_l_i_n_k(), _s_y_n_c(), _s_y_s_c_o_n_f(), _t_c_g_e_t_p_g_r_p(), _t_c_s_e_t_p_g_r_p(), _t_r_u_n_c_a_t_e(),
       _t_t_y_n_a_m_e(), _u_n_l_i_n_k(), _w_r_i_t_e()

CCOOPPYYRRIIGGHHTT
       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
       from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
       -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
       Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of
       Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.  (This is
       POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the
       event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
       The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
       is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
       at http://www.unix.org/online.html .

       Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are
       most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source
       files to man page format. To report such errors, see
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .



IEEE/The Open Group                  2013                          unistd.h(3)
