/*
 * lambertw - Lambert's W-function
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2013 Christoph Zurnieden
 *
 * Calc is open software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
 * the terms of the version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
 * as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * Calc is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
 * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General
 * Public License for more details.
 *
 * A copy of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License is
 * distributed with calc under the filename COPYING-LGPL.  You should have
 * received a copy with calc; if not, write to Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA.
 *
 * @(#) $Revision: 30.4 $
 * @(#) $Id: lambertw.cal,v 30.4 2013/08/18 20:01:53 chongo Exp $
 * @(#) $Source: /usr/local/src/bin/calc/cal/RCS/lambertw.cal,v $
 *
 * Under source code control:	2013/08/11 01:31:28
 * File existed as early as:	2013
 */


static resource_debug_level;
resource_debug_level = config("resource_debug", 0);


/*

     R. M. Corless and G. H. Gonnet and D. E. G. Hare and D. J. Jeffrey and
     D. E. Knuth, "On the Lambert W Function", Advances n Computational
     Mathematics, 329--359, (1996)
     http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.112.6117

     D. J. Jeffrey, D. E. G. Hare, R. M. Corless, "Unwinding the branches of the
     Lambert W function", The Mathematical Scientist, 21, pp 1-7, (1996)
     http://www.apmaths.uwo.ca/~djeffrey/Offprints/wbranch.pdf

     Darko Verebic, "Having Fun with Lambert W(x) Function"
     arXiv:1003.1628v1, March 2010, http://arxiv.org/abs/1003.1628

     Winitzki, S. "Uniform Approximations for Transcendental Functions",
     In Part 1 of Computational Science and its Applications - ICCSA 2003,
     Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 2667, Springer-Verlag,
     Berlin, 2003, 780-789. DOI 10.1007/3-540-44839-X_82
     A copy may be found by Google.


*/
static true = 1;
static false = 0;

/* Branch 0, Winitzki (2003) , the well known Taylor series*/
define __CZ__lambertw_0(z,eps){
  local a=2.344e0, b=0.8842e0, c=0.9294e0, d=0.5106e0, e=-1.213e0;
  local y=sqrt(2*exp(1)*z+2);
  return (2*ln(1+b*y)-ln(1+c*ln(1+d*y))+e)/(1+1/(2*ln(1+b*y)+2*a));
}
/* branch -1 */
define __CZ__lambertw_m1(z,eps){
  local wn k;
  /* Cut-off found in Maxima */
  if(z < 0.3) return __CZ__lambertw_app(z,eps);
  wn = z;
  /*  Verebic (2010) eqs. 16-18*/
  for(k=0;k<10;k++){
    wn = ln(-z)-ln(-wn);
  }
  return wn;
}

/*
  generic approximation

  series for 1+W((z-2)/(2 e))

  Corless et al (1996) (4.22)
  Verebic (2010) eqs. 35-37; more coefficients given at the end of sect. 3.1
  or online
     http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?
       i=taylor+%28+1%2Bproductlog%28+%28z-2%29%2F%282*e%29+%29+%29
  or by using the function lambertw_series_print() after running
  lambertw_series(z,eps,branch,terms) at least once with the wanted number of
  terms and z = 1 (which might throw an error because the series will not
  converge in anybodies lifetime for something that far from the branchpoint).


*/
define __CZ__lambertw_app(z,eps){
  local  b0=-1, b1=1, b2=-1/3, b3=11/72;
  local  y=sqrt(2*exp(1)*z+2);
  return b0 + ( y * (b1 + (y * (b2 + (b3 * y)))));
}

static __CZ__Ws_a;
static __CZ__Ws_c;
static __CZ__Ws_len=0;

define lambertw_series_print(){
  local k;
  for(k=0;k<__CZ__Ws_len;k++){
    print num(__CZ__Ws_c[k]):"/":den(__CZ__Ws_c[k]):"*p^":k;
  }
}

/*
   The series is fast but only if _very_ close to the branchpoint
   The exact branch must be given explicitly, e.g.:

; lambertw(-exp(-1)+.001)-lambertw_series(-exp(-1)+.001,epsilon()*1e-10,0)
	-0.14758879113205794065490184399030194122136720202792-
                  0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000i
; lambertw(-exp(-1)+.001)-lambertw_series(-exp(-1)+.001,epsilon()*1e-10,1)
	0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000-
                  0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000i
 */
define lambertw_series(z,eps,branch,terms){
  local k l limit tmp sum A C P PP epslocal;
  if(!isnull(terms))
    limit = terms;
  else
    limit = 100;

  if(isnull(eps))
    eps = epsilon(epsilon()*1e-10);
  epslocal = epsilon(eps);

  P = sqrt(2*(exp(1)*z+1));
  if(branch != 0) P = -P;
  tmp=0;sum=0;PP=P;

    __CZ__Ws_a   = mat[limit+1];
    __CZ__Ws_c   = mat[limit+1];
    __CZ__Ws_len = limit;
   /*
      c0 = -1; c1 = 1
      a0 =  2; a1 =-1
    */
    __CZ__Ws_c[0] = -1; __CZ__Ws_c[1] =  1;
    __CZ__Ws_a[0] =  2; __CZ__Ws_a[1] = -1;
    sum += __CZ__Ws_c[0];
    sum += __CZ__Ws_c[1] * P;
    PP *= P;
    for(k=2;k<limit;k++){
      for(l=2;l<k;l++){
         __CZ__Ws_a[k] += __CZ__Ws_c[l]*__CZ__Ws_c[k+1-l];
      }

      __CZ__Ws_c[k] = (k-1) * (  __CZ__Ws_c[k-2]/2
                            +__CZ__Ws_a[k-2]/4)/
                      (k+1)-__CZ__Ws_a[k]/2-__CZ__Ws_c[k-1]/(k+1);
      tmp = __CZ__Ws_c[k] * PP;
      sum += tmp;
      if(abs(tmp) <= eps){
        epsilon(epslocal);
        return sum;
      }
      PP *= P;
    }
    epsilon(epslocal);
    return
      newerror(strcat("lambertw_series: does not converge in ",
                        str(limit)," terms" ));
}

/* */
define lambertw(z,branch){
  local eps epslarge ret branchpoint bparea w we ew w1e wn k places m1e;
  local closeness;

  eps = epsilon();
  if(branch == 0){
    if(!im(z)){
      if(abs(z) <= eps) return 0;
      if(abs(z-exp(1)) <= eps) return 1;
      if(abs(z - (-ln(2)/2)) <= eps ) return -ln(2);
      if(abs(z - (-pi()/2)) <= eps ) return 1i*pi()/2;
    }
  }

  branchpoint = -exp(-1);
  bparea = .2;
  if(branch == 0){
    if(!im(z) && abs(z-branchpoint) == 0) return -1;
    ret = __CZ__lambertw_0(z,eps);
   /* Yeah, C&P, I know, sorry */
   ##ret = ln(z) + 2*pi()*1i*branch - ln(ln(z)+2*pi()*1i*branch);
  }
  else if(branch == 1){
    if(im(z)<0 && abs(z-branchpoint) <= bparea)
      ret = __CZ__lambertw_app(z,eps);
   /* Does calc have a goto? Oh, it does!  */
    ret =ln(z) + 2*pi()*1i*branch - ln(ln(z)+2*pi()*1i*branch);
  }
  else if(branch == -1){##print "-1";
    if(!im(z) && abs(z-branchpoint) == 0) return -1;
    if(!im(z) && z>branchpoint && z < 0){##print "0";
      ret = __CZ__lambertw_m1(z,eps);}
    if(im(z)>=0 && abs(z-branchpoint) <= bparea){##print "1";
      ret = __CZ__lambertw_app(z,eps);}
    ret =ln(z) + 2*pi()*1i*branch - ln(ln(z)+2*pi()*1i*branch);
  }
  else
    ret = ln(z) + 2*pi()*1i*branch - ln(ln(z)+2*pi()*1i*branch);

  /*
     Such a high precision is only needed _very_ close to the branchpoint
     and might even be insufficient if z has not been computed with
     sufficient precision itself (M below was calculated by Mathematica and also
     with the series above with epsilon(1e-200)):
    ; epsilon(1e-50)
	0.00000000000000000001
    ; display(50)
	20
    ; M=-0.9999999999999999999999997668356018402875796636464119050387
    ; lambertw(-exp(-1)+1e-50,0)-M
	-0.00000000000000000000000002678416515423276355643684
    ; epsilon(1e-60)
	0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    ; A=-exp(-1)+1e-50
    ; epsilon(1e-50)
	0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    ; lambertw(A,0)-M
	-0.00000000000000000000000000000000000231185460220585
    ; lambertw_series(A,epsilon(),0)-M
	-0.00000000000000000000000000000000000132145133161626
    ; epsilon(1e-100)
	0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001
    ; A=-exp(-1)+1e-50
    ; epsilon(1e-65)
	0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    ; lambertw_series(A,epsilon(),0)-M
	0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    ; lambertw_series(-exp(-1)+1e-50,epsilon(),0)-M
	-0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000002959444084
    ; epsilon(1e-74)
	0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
    ; lambertw_series(-exp(-1)+1e-50,epsilon(),0)-M
	-0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000006
   */
  closeness = abs(z-branchpoint);
  if( closeness< 1){
    if(closeness != 0)
      eps = epsilon(epsilon()*( closeness));
    else
      eps = epsilon(epsilon()^2);
  }
  else
    eps = epsilon(epsilon()*1e-2);


  epslarge =epsilon();

  places = highbit(1 + int(1/epslarge)) + 1;
  w = ret;
  for(k=0;k<100;k++){
    ew = exp(w);
    we = w*ew;
    if(abs(we-z)<= 4*epslarge*abs(z))break;
    w1e = (1+w)*ew;
    wn = bround(w- ((we - z) / ( w1e - ( (w+2)*(we-z) )/(2*w+2)  ) ),places++) ;
    if( abs(wn - w) <= epslarge*abs(wn)) break;
    else  w = wn;
  }

  if(k==100){
    epsilon(eps);
    return newerror("lambertw: Halley iteration does not converge");
  }
  /* The Maxima coders added a check if the iteration converged to the correct
     branch. This coder deems it superfluous. */

  epsilon(eps);
  return wn;
}


config("resource_debug", resource_debug_level),;
if (config("resource_debug") & 3) {
    print "lambertw(z,branch)";
    print "lambertw_series(z,eps,branch,terms)";
    print "lambertw_series_print()";
}
