Core pexpect components — Pexpect 4.1.0 documentation

# Core pexpect components

Pexpect is a Python module for spawning child applications and controlling them automatically. Pexpect can be used for automating interactive applications such as ssh, ftp, passwd, telnet, etc. It can be used to a automate setup scripts for duplicating software package installations on different servers. It can be used for automated software testing. Pexpect is in the spirit of Don Libes’ Expect, but Pexpect is pure Python. Other Expect-like modules for Python require TCL and Expect or require C extensions to be compiled. Pexpect does not use C, Expect, or TCL extensions. It should work on any platform that supports the standard Python pty module. The Pexpect interface focuses on ease of use so that simple tasks are easy.

There are two main interfaces to the Pexpect system; these are the function, run() and the class, spawn. The spawn class is more powerful. The run() function is simpler than spawn, and is good for quickly calling program. When you call the run() function it executes a given program and then returns the output. This is a handy replacement for os.system().

For example:

    pexpect.run('ls -la')

The spawn class is the more powerful interface to the Pexpect system. You can use this to spawn a child program then interact with it by sending input and expecting responses (waiting for patterns in the child’s output).

For example:

    child = pexpect.spawn('scp foo user@example.com:.')
    child.expect('Password:')
    child.sendline(mypassword)

This works even for commands that ask for passwords or other input outside of the normal stdio streams. For example, ssh reads input directly from the TTY device which bypasses stdin.

Credits: Noah Spurrier, Richard Holden, Marco Molteni, Kimberley Burchett, Robert Stone, Hartmut Goebel, Chad Schroeder, Erick Tryzelaar, Dave Kirby, Ids vander Molen, George Todd, Noel Taylor, Nicolas D. Cesar, Alexander Gattin, Jacques-Etienne Baudoux, Geoffrey Marshall, Francisco Lourenco, Glen Mabey, Karthik Gurusamy, Fernando Perez, Corey Minyard, Jon Cohen, Guillaume Chazarain, Andrew Ryan, Nick Craig-Wood, Andrew Stone, Jorgen Grahn, John Spiegel, Jan Grant, and Shane Kerr. Let me know if I forgot anyone.

Pexpect is free, open source, and all that good stuff. http://pexpect.sourceforge.net/

PEXPECT LICENSE

> This license is approved by the OSI and FSF as GPL-compatible.
>   http://opensource.org/licenses/isc-license.txt

> Copyright (c) 2012, Noah Spurrier <noah@noah.org> PERMISSION TO USE, COPY, MODIFY, AND/OR DISTRIBUTE THIS SOFTWARE FOR ANY PURPOSE WITH OR WITHOUT FEE IS HEREBY GRANTED, PROVIDED THAT THE ABOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICE AND THIS PERMISSION NOTICE APPEAR IN ALL COPIES. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS” AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.

## spawn class

class `pexpect.` `spawn`(command, args=[], timeout=30, maxread=2000, searchwindowsize=None, logfile=None, cwd=None, env=None, ignore_sighup=False, echo=True, preexec_fn=None, encoding=None, codec_errors='strict', dimensions=None)

  This is the main class interface for Pexpect. Use this class to start and control child applications.

  `__init__`(command, args=[], timeout=30, maxread=2000, searchwindowsize=None, logfile=None, cwd=None, env=None, ignore_sighup=False, echo=True, preexec_fn=None, encoding=None, codec_errors='strict', dimensions=None)

    This is the constructor. The command parameter may be a string that includes a command and any arguments to the command. For example:

        child = pexpect.spawn('/usr/bin/ftp')
        child = pexpect.spawn('/usr/bin/ssh user@example.com')
        child = pexpect.spawn('ls -latr /tmp')

    You may also construct it with a list of arguments like so:

        child = pexpect.spawn('/usr/bin/ftp', [])
        child = pexpect.spawn('/usr/bin/ssh', ['user@example.com'])
        child = pexpect.spawn('ls', ['-latr', '/tmp'])

    After this the child application will be created and will be ready to talk to. For normal use, see expect() and send() and sendline().

    Remember that Pexpect does NOT interpret shell meta characters such as redirect, pipe, or wild cards (`>`, `|`, or `*`). This is a common mistake. If you want to run a command and pipe it through another command then you must also start a shell. For example:

        child = pexpect.spawn('/bin/bash -c "ls -l | grep LOG > logs.txt"')
        child.expect(pexpect.EOF)

    The second form of spawn (where you pass a list of arguments) is useful in situations where you wish to spawn a command and pass it its own argument list. This can make syntax more clear. For example, the following is equivalent to the previous example:

        shell_cmd = 'ls -l | grep LOG > logs.txt'
        child = pexpect.spawn('/bin/bash', ['-c', shell_cmd])
        child.expect(pexpect.EOF)

    The maxread attribute sets the read buffer size. This is maximum number of bytes that Pexpect will try to read from a TTY at one time. Setting the maxread size to 1 will turn off buffering. Setting the maxread value higher may help performance in cases where large amounts of output are read back from the child. This feature is useful in conjunction with searchwindowsize.

    When the keyword argument searchwindowsize is None (default), the full buffer is searched at each iteration of receiving incoming data. The default number of bytes scanned at each iteration is very large and may be reduced to collaterally reduce search cost. After `expect()` returns, the full buffer attribute remains up to size maxread irrespective of searchwindowsize value.

    When the keyword argument `timeout` is specified as a number, (default: 30), then `TIMEOUT` will be raised after the value specified has elapsed, in seconds, for any of the `expect()` family of method calls. When None, TIMEOUT will not be raised, and `expect()` may block indefinitely until match.

    The logfile member turns on or off logging. All input and output will be copied to the given file object. Set logfile to None to stop logging. This is the default. Set logfile to sys.stdout to echo everything to standard output. The logfile is flushed after each write.

    Example log input and output to a file:

        child = pexpect.spawn('some_command')
        fout = open('mylog.txt','wb')
        child.logfile = fout

    Example log to stdout:

        # In Python 2:
        child = pexpect.spawn('some_command')
        child.logfile = sys.stdout

        # In Python 3, spawnu should be used to give str to stdout:
        child = pexpect.spawnu('some_command')
        child.logfile = sys.stdout

    The logfile_read and logfile_send members can be used to separately log the input from the child and output sent to the child. Sometimes you don’t want to see everything you write to the child. You only want to log what the child sends back. For example:

        child = pexpect.spawn('some_command')
        child.logfile_read = sys.stdout

    You will need to pass an encoding to spawn in the above code if you are using Python 3.

    To separately log output sent to the child use logfile_send:

        child.logfile_send = fout

    If `ignore_sighup` is True, the child process will ignore SIGHUP signals. The default is False from Pexpect 4.0, meaning that SIGHUP will be handled normally by the child.

    The delaybeforesend helps overcome a weird behavior that many users were experiencing. The typical problem was that a user would expect() a “Password:” prompt and then immediately call sendline() to send the password. The user would then see that their password was echoed back to them. Passwords don’t normally echo. The problem is caused by the fact that most applications print out the “Password” prompt and then turn off stdin echo, but if you send your password before the application turned off echo, then you get your password echoed. Normally this wouldn’t be a problem when interacting with a human at a real keyboard. If you introduce a slight delay just before writing then this seems to clear up the problem. This was such a common problem for many users that I decided that the default pexpect behavior should be to sleep just before writing to the child application. 1/20th of a second (50 ms) seems to be enough to clear up the problem. You can set delaybeforesend to None to return to the old behavior.

    Note that spawn is clever about finding commands on your path. It uses the same logic that “which” uses to find executables.

    If you wish to get the exit status of the child you must call the close() method. The exit or signal status of the child will be stored in self.exitstatus or self.signalstatus. If the child exited normally then exitstatus will store the exit return code and signalstatus will be None. If the child was terminated abnormally with a signal then signalstatus will store the signal value and exitstatus will be None:

        child = pexpect.spawn('some_command')
        child.close()
        print(child.exitstatus, child.signalstatus)

    If you need more detail you can also read the self.status member which stores the status returned by os.waitpid. You can interpret this using os.WIFEXITED/os.WEXITSTATUS or os.WIFSIGNALED/os.TERMSIG.

    The echo attribute may be set to False to disable echoing of input. As a pseudo-terminal, all input echoed by the “keyboard” (send() or sendline()) will be repeated to output. For many cases, it is not desirable to have echo enabled, and it may be later disabled using setecho(False) followed by waitnoecho(). However, for some platforms such as Solaris, this is not possible, and should be disabled immediately on spawn.

    If preexec_fn is given, it will be called in the child process before launching the given command. This is useful to e.g. reset inherited signal handlers.

    The dimensions attribute specifies the size of the pseudo-terminal as seen by the subprocess, and is specified as a two-entry tuple (rows, columns). If this is unspecified, the defaults in ptyprocess will apply.

  `expect`(pattern, timeout=-1, searchwindowsize=-1, async=False)

    This seeks through the stream until a pattern is matched. The pattern is overloaded and may take several types. The pattern can be a StringType, EOF, a compiled re, or a list of any of those types. Strings will be compiled to re types. This returns the index into the pattern list. If the pattern was not a list this returns index 0 on a successful match. This may raise exceptions for EOF or TIMEOUT. To avoid the EOF or TIMEOUT exceptions add EOF or TIMEOUT to the pattern list. That will cause expect to match an EOF or TIMEOUT condition instead of raising an exception.

    If you pass a list of patterns and more than one matches, the first match in the stream is chosen. If more than one pattern matches at that point, the leftmost in the pattern list is chosen. For example:

        # the input is 'foobar'
        index = p.expect(['bar', 'foo', 'foobar'])
        # returns 1('foo') even though 'foobar' is a "better" match

    Please note, however, that buffering can affect this behavior, since input arrives in unpredictable chunks. For example:

        # the input is 'foobar'
        index = p.expect(['foobar', 'foo'])
        # returns 0('foobar') if all input is available at once,
        # but returs 1('foo') if parts of the final 'bar' arrive late

    When a match is found for the given pattern, the class instance attribute match becomes an re.MatchObject result. Should an EOF or TIMEOUT pattern match, then the match attribute will be an instance of that exception class. The pairing before and after class instance attributes are views of the data preceding and following the matching pattern. On general exception, class attribute before is all data received up to the exception, while match and after attributes are value None.

    When the keyword argument timeout is -1 (default), then TIMEOUT will raise after the default value specified by the class timeout attribute. When None, TIMEOUT will not be raised and may block indefinitely until match.

    When the keyword argument searchwindowsize is -1 (default), then the value specified by the class maxread attribute is used.

    A list entry may be EOF or TIMEOUT instead of a string. This will catch these exceptions and return the index of the list entry instead of raising the exception. The attribute ‘after’ will be set to the exception type. The attribute ‘match’ will be None. This allows you to write code like this:

        index = p.expect(['good', 'bad', pexpect.EOF, pexpect.TIMEOUT])
        if index == 0:
            do_something()
        elif index == 1:
            do_something_else()
        elif index == 2:
            do_some_other_thing()
        elif index == 3:
            do_something_completely_different()

    instead of code like this:

        try:
            index = p.expect(['good', 'bad'])
            if index == 0:
                do_something()
            elif index == 1:
                do_something_else()
        except EOF:
            do_some_other_thing()
        except TIMEOUT:
            do_something_completely_different()

    These two forms are equivalent. It all depends on what you want. You can also just expect the EOF if you are waiting for all output of a child to finish. For example:

        p = pexpect.spawn('/bin/ls')
        p.expect(pexpect.EOF)
        print p.before

    If you are trying to optimize for speed then see expect_list().

    On Python 3.4, or Python 3.3 with asyncio installed, passing `async=True` will make this return an `asyncio` coroutine, which you can yield from to get the same result that this method would normally give directly. So, inside a coroutine, you can replace this code:

        index = p.expect(patterns)

    With this non-blocking form:

        index = yield from p.expect(patterns, async=True)

  `expect_exact`(pattern_list, timeout=-1, searchwindowsize=-1, async=False)

    This is similar to expect(), but uses plain string matching instead of compiled regular expressions in ‘pattern_list’. The ‘pattern_list’ may be a string; a list or other sequence of strings; or TIMEOUT and EOF.

    This call might be faster than expect() for two reasons: string searching is faster than RE matching and it is possible to limit the search to just the end of the input buffer.

    This method is also useful when you don’t want to have to worry about escaping regular expression characters that you want to match.

    Like `expect()`, passing `async=True` will make this return an asyncio coroutine.

  `expect_list`(pattern_list, timeout=-1, searchwindowsize=-1, async=False)

    This takes a list of compiled regular expressions and returns the index into the pattern_list that matched the child output. The list may also contain EOF or TIMEOUT(which are not compiled regular expressions). This method is similar to the expect() method except that expect_list() does not recompile the pattern list on every call. This may help if you are trying to optimize for speed, otherwise just use the expect() method. This is called by expect().

    Like `expect()`, passing `async=True` will make this return an asyncio coroutine.

  `compile_pattern_list`(patterns)

    This compiles a pattern-string or a list of pattern-strings. Patterns must be a StringType, EOF, TIMEOUT, SRE_Pattern, or a list of those. Patterns may also be None which results in an empty list (you might do this if waiting for an EOF or TIMEOUT condition without expecting any pattern).

    This is used by expect() when calling expect_list(). Thus expect() is nothing more than:

        cpl = self.compile_pattern_list(pl)
        return self.expect_list(cpl, timeout)

    If you are using expect() within a loop it may be more efficient to compile the patterns first and then call expect_list(). This avoid calls in a loop to compile_pattern_list():

        cpl = self.compile_pattern_list(my_pattern)
        while some_condition:
           ...
           i = self.expect_list(cpl, timeout)
           ...

  `send`(s)

    Sends string `s` to the child process, returning the number of bytes written. If a logfile is specified, a copy is written to that log.

    The default terminal input mode is canonical processing unless set otherwise by the child process. This allows backspace and other line processing to be performed prior to transmitting to the receiving program. As this is buffered, there is a limited size of such buffer.

    On Linux systems, this is 4096 (defined by N_TTY_BUF_SIZE). All other systems honor the POSIX.1 definition PC_MAX_CANON – 1024 on OSX, 256 on OpenSolaris, and 1920 on FreeBSD.

    This value may be discovered using fpathconf(3):

        >>> from os import fpathconf
        >>> print(fpathconf(0, 'PC_MAX_CANON'))
        256

    On such a system, only 256 bytes may be received per line. Any subsequent bytes received will be discarded. BEL (`''`) is then sent to output if IMAXBEL (termios.h) is set by the tty driver. This is usually enabled by default. Linux does not honor this as an option – it behaves as though it is always set on.

    Canonical input processing may be disabled altogether by executing a shell, then stty(1), before executing the final program:

        >>> bash = pexpect.spawn('/bin/bash', echo=False)
        >>> bash.sendline('stty -icanon')
        >>> bash.sendline('base64')
        >>> bash.sendline('x' * 5000)

  `sendline`(s='')

    Wraps send(), sending string `s` to child process, with `os.linesep` automatically appended. Returns number of bytes written. Only a limited number of bytes may be sent for each line in the default terminal mode, see docstring of `send()`.

  `write`(s)

    This is similar to send() except that there is no return value.

  `writelines`(sequence)

    This calls write() for each element in the sequence. The sequence can be any iterable object producing strings, typically a list of strings. This does not add line separators. There is no return value.

  `sendcontrol`(char)

    Helper method that wraps send() with mnemonic access for sending control character to the child (such as Ctrl-C or Ctrl-D). For example, to send Ctrl-G (ASCII 7, bell, ‘’):

        child.sendcontrol('g')

    See also, sendintr() and sendeof().

  `sendeof`()

    This sends an EOF to the child. This sends a character which causes the pending parent output buffer to be sent to the waiting child program without waiting for end-of-line. If it is the first character of the line, the read() in the user program returns 0, which signifies end-of-file. This means to work as expected a sendeof() has to be called at the beginning of a line. This method does not send a newline. It is the responsibility of the caller to ensure the eof is sent at the beginning of a line.

  `sendintr`()

    This sends a SIGINT to the child. It does not require the SIGINT to be the first character on a line.

  `read`(size=-1)

    This reads at most “size” bytes from the file (less if the read hits EOF before obtaining size bytes). If the size argument is negative or omitted, read all data until EOF is reached. The bytes are returned as a string object. An empty string is returned when EOF is encountered immediately.

  `readline`(size=-1)

    This reads and returns one entire line. The newline at the end of line is returned as part of the string, unless the file ends without a newline. An empty string is returned if EOF is encountered immediately. This looks for a newline as a CR/LF pair (rn) even on UNIX because this is what the pseudotty device returns. So contrary to what you may expect you will receive newlines as rn.

    If the size argument is 0 then an empty string is returned. In all other cases the size argument is ignored, which is not standard behavior for a file-like object.

  `read_nonblocking`(size=1, timeout=-1)

    This reads at most size characters from the child application. It includes a timeout. If the read does not complete within the timeout period then a TIMEOUT exception is raised. If the end of file is read then an EOF exception will be raised. If a logfile is specified, a copy is written to that log.

    If timeout is None then the read may block indefinitely. If timeout is -1 then the self.timeout value is used. If timeout is 0 then the child is polled and if there is no data immediately ready then this will raise a TIMEOUT exception.

    The timeout refers only to the amount of time to read at least one character. This is not affected by the ‘size’ parameter, so if you call read_nonblocking(size=100, timeout=30) and only one character is available right away then one character will be returned immediately. It will not wait for 30 seconds for another 99 characters to come in.

    This is a wrapper around os.read(). It uses select.select() to implement the timeout.

  `eof`()

    This returns True if the EOF exception was ever raised.

  `interact`(escape_character='\x1d', input_filter=None, output_filter=None)

    This gives control of the child process to the interactive user (the human at the keyboard). Keystrokes are sent to the child process, and the stdout and stderr output of the child process is printed. This simply echos the child stdout and child stderr to the real stdout and it echos the real stdin to the child stdin. When the user types the escape_character this method will return None. The escape_character will not be transmitted. The default for escape_character is entered as `Ctrl - ]`, the very same as BSD telnet. To prevent escaping, escape_character may be set to None.

    If a logfile is specified, then the data sent and received from the child process in interact mode is duplicated to the given log.

    You may pass in optional input and output filter functions. These functions should take a string and return a string. The output_filter will be passed all the output from the child process. The input_filter will be passed all the keyboard input from the user. The input_filter is run BEFORE the check for the escape_character.

    Note that if you change the window size of the parent the SIGWINCH signal will not be passed through to the child. If you want the child window size to change when the parent’s window size changes then do something like the following example:

        import pexpect, struct, fcntl, termios, signal, sys
        def sigwinch_passthrough (sig, data):
            s = struct.pack("HHHH", 0, 0, 0, 0)
            a = struct.unpack('hhhh', fcntl.ioctl(sys.stdout.fileno(),
                termios.TIOCGWINSZ , s))
            global p
            p.setwinsize(a[0],a[1])
        # Note this 'p' global and used in sigwinch_passthrough.
        p = pexpect.spawn('/bin/bash')
        signal.signal(signal.SIGWINCH, sigwinch_passthrough)
        p.interact()

  `logfile`
  `logfile_read`
  `logfile_send`

    Set these to a Python file object (or `sys.stdout`) to log all communication, data read from the child process, or data sent to the child process.

    Note

    With `spawn` in bytes mode, the log files should be open for writing binary data. In unicode mode, they should be open for writing unicode text. See Handling unicode.

### Controlling the child process

class `pexpect.` `spawn`
  `kill`(sig)

    This sends the given signal to the child application. In keeping with UNIX tradition it has a misleading name. It does not necessarily kill the child unless you send the right signal.

  `terminate`(force=False)

    This forces a child process to terminate. It starts nicely with SIGHUP and SIGINT. If “force” is True then moves onto SIGKILL. This returns True if the child was terminated. This returns False if the child could not be terminated.

  `isalive`()

    This tests if the child process is running or not. This is non-blocking. If the child was terminated then this will read the exitstatus or signalstatus of the child. This returns True if the child process appears to be running or False if not. It can take literally SECONDS for Solaris to return the right status.

  `wait`()

    This waits until the child exits. This is a blocking call. This will not read any data from the child, so this will block forever if the child has unread output and has terminated. In other words, the child may have printed output then called exit(), but, the child is technically still alive until its output is read by the parent.

    This method is non-blocking if `wait()` has already been called previously or `isalive()` method returns False. It simply returns the previously determined exit status.

  `close`(force=True)

    This closes the connection with the child application. Note that calling close() more than once is valid. This emulates standard Python behavior with files. Set force to True if you want to make sure that the child is terminated (SIGKILL is sent if the child ignores SIGHUP and SIGINT).

  `getwinsize`()

    This returns the terminal window size of the child tty. The return value is a tuple of (rows, cols).

  `setwinsize`(rows, cols)

    This sets the terminal window size of the child tty. This will cause a SIGWINCH signal to be sent to the child. This does not change the physical window size. It changes the size reported to TTY-aware applications like vi or curses – applications that respond to the SIGWINCH signal.

  `getecho`()

    This returns the terminal echo mode. This returns True if echo is on or False if echo is off. Child applications that are expecting you to enter a password often set ECHO False. See waitnoecho().

    Not supported on platforms where `isatty()` returns False.

  `setecho`(state)

    This sets the terminal echo mode on or off. Note that anything the child sent before the echo will be lost, so you should be sure that your input buffer is empty before you call setecho(). For example, the following will work as expected:

        p = pexpect.spawn('cat') # Echo is on by default.
        p.sendline('1234') # We expect see this twice from the child...
        p.expect(['1234']) # ... once from the tty echo...
        p.expect(['1234']) # ... and again from cat itself.
        p.setecho(False) # Turn off tty echo
        p.sendline('abcd') # We will set this only once (echoed by cat).
        p.sendline('wxyz') # We will set this only once (echoed by cat)
        p.expect(['abcd'])
        p.expect(['wxyz'])

    The following WILL NOT WORK because the lines sent before the setecho will be lost:

        p = pexpect.spawn('cat')
        p.sendline('1234')
        p.setecho(False) # Turn off tty echo
        p.sendline('abcd') # We will set this only once (echoed by cat).
        p.sendline('wxyz') # We will set this only once (echoed by cat)
        p.expect(['1234'])
        p.expect(['1234'])
        p.expect(['abcd'])
        p.expect(['wxyz'])

    Not supported on platforms where `isatty()` returns False.

  `waitnoecho`(timeout=-1)

    This waits until the terminal ECHO flag is set False. This returns True if the echo mode is off. This returns False if the ECHO flag was not set False before the timeout. This can be used to detect when the child is waiting for a password. Usually a child application will turn off echo mode when it is waiting for the user to enter a password. For example, instead of expecting the “password:” prompt you can wait for the child to set ECHO off:

        p = pexpect.spawn('ssh user@example.com')
        p.waitnoecho()
        p.sendline(mypassword)

    If timeout==-1 then this method will use the value in self.timeout. If timeout==None then this method to block until ECHO flag is False.

  `pid`

    The process ID of the child process.

  `child_fd`

    The file descriptor used to communicate with the child process.

### Handling unicode

By default, `spawn` is a bytes interface: its read methods return bytes, and its write/send and expect methods expect bytes. If you pass the encoding parameter to the constructor, it will instead act as a unicode interface: strings you send will be encoded using that encoding, and bytes received will be decoded before returning them to you. In this mode, patterns for `expect()` and `expect_exact()` should also be unicode.

Changed in version 4.0: `spawn` provides both the bytes and unicode interfaces. In Pexpect 3.x, the unicode interface was provided by a separate `spawnu` class.

For backwards compatibility, some Unicode is allowed in bytes mode: the send methods will encode arbitrary unicode as UTF-8 before sending it to the child process, and its expect methods can accept ascii-only unicode strings.

Note

Unicode handling with pexpect works the same way on Python 2 and 3, despite the difference in names. I.e.:

- Bytes mode works with `str` on Python 2, and `bytes` on Python 3,
- Unicode mode works with `unicode` on Python 2, and `str` on Python 3.

## run function

`pexpect.` `run`(command, timeout=30, withexitstatus=False, events=None, extra_args=None, logfile=None, cwd=None, env=None, **kwargs)

  This function runs the given command; waits for it to finish; then returns all output as a string. STDERR is included in output. If the full path to the command is not given then the path is searched.

  Note that lines are terminated by CR/LF (rn) combination even on UNIX-like systems because this is the standard for pseudottys. If you set ‘withexitstatus’ to true, then run will return a tuple of (command_output, exitstatus). If ‘withexitstatus’ is false then this returns just command_output.

  The run() function can often be used instead of creating a spawn instance. For example, the following code uses spawn:

      from pexpect import *
      child = spawn('scp foo user@example.com:.')
      child.expect('(?i)password')
      child.sendline(mypassword)

  The previous code can be replace with the following:

      from pexpect import *
      run('scp foo user@example.com:.', events={'(?i)password': mypassword})

  Examples

  Start the apache daemon on the local machine:

      from pexpect import *
      run("/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start")

  Check in a file using SVN:

      from pexpect import *
      run("svn ci -m 'automatic commit' my_file.py")

  Run a command and capture exit status:

      from pexpect import *
      (command_output, exitstatus) = run('ls -l /bin', withexitstatus=1)

  The following will run SSH and execute ‘ls -l’ on the remote machine. The password ‘secret’ will be sent if the ‘(?i)password’ pattern is ever seen:

      run("ssh username@machine.example.com 'ls -l'",
          events={'(?i)password':'secret\n'})

  This will start mencoder to rip a video from DVD. This will also display progress ticks every 5 seconds as it runs. For example:

      from pexpect import *
      def print_ticks(d):
          print d['event_count'],
      run("mencoder dvd://1 -o video.avi -oac copy -ovc copy",
          events={TIMEOUT:print_ticks}, timeout=5)

  The ‘events’ argument should be either a dictionary or a tuple list that contains patterns and responses. Whenever one of the patterns is seen in the command output, run() will send the associated response string. So, run() in the above example can be also written as:

  > run(“mencoder dvd://1 -o video.avi -oac copy -ovc copy”,
  >   events=[(TIMEOUT,print_ticks)], timeout=5)

  Use a tuple list for events if the command output requires a delicate control over what pattern should be matched, since the tuple list is passed to pexpect() as its pattern list, with the order of patterns preserved.

  Note that you should put newlines in your string if Enter is necessary.

  Like the example above, the responses may also contain a callback, either a function or method. It should accept a dictionary value as an argument. The dictionary contains all the locals from the run() function, so you can access the child spawn object or any other variable defined in run() (event_count, child, and extra_args are the most useful). A callback may return True to stop the current run process. Otherwise run() continues until the next event. A callback may also return a string which will be sent to the child. ‘extra_args’ is not used by directly run(). It provides a way to pass data to a callback function through run() through the locals dictionary passed to a callback.

  Like `spawn`, passing encoding will make it work with unicode instead of bytes. You can pass codec_errors to control how errors in encoding and decoding are handled.

## Exceptions

class `pexpect.` `EOF`(value)

  Raised when EOF is read from a child. This usually means the child has exited.

class `pexpect.` `TIMEOUT`(value)

  Raised when a read time exceeds the timeout.

class `pexpect.` `ExceptionPexpect`(value)

  Base class for all exceptions raised by this module.

## Utility functions

`pexpect.` `which`(filename)

  This takes a given filename; tries to find it in the environment path; then checks if it is executable. This returns the full path to the filename if found and executable. Otherwise this returns None.

`pexpect.` `split_command_line`(command_line)

  This splits a command line into a list of arguments. It splits arguments on spaces, but handles embedded quotes, doublequotes, and escaped characters. It’s impossible to do this with a regular expression, so I wrote a little state machine to parse the command line.