Ocamlnet 3 Reference Manual : Rpc_intro

# Rpc_intro

Contents

- Introduction to ocamlrpcgen
  - Generating clients with ocamlrpcgen
  - Generating servers with ocamlrpcgen
- Command line arguments of ocamlrpcgen
- The language mapping underlying ocamlrpcgen
  - The XDR syntax
  - Syntax of RPC programs
  - Mapping names
  - Mapping integer types
  - Mapping floating-point types
  - Mapping string and opaque types
  - Mapping array types
  - Mapping record types (structs)
  - Mapping enumerated types (enums)
  - Mapping union types discriminated by enumerations
  - Mapping union types discriminated by integers
  - Mapping option types (*)
  - Mapping recursive types
- Overview over the RPC library
- Netplex RPC systems
- Restrictions of the current implementation

# Introduction to `ocamlrpcgen`

The tool `ocamlrpcgen` generates O'Caml modules which greatly simplify the creation and invocation of remote procedures. For example, if we have an XDR definition file `calculate.x`

    program P {
      version V {
        int add(int,int) = 1;
      } = 2;
    } = 3;

the generation of a corresponding RPC client is done by issuing the command

    ocamlrpcgen -aux -clnt calculate.x

and the tool will generate an RPC server by calling

    ocamlrpcgen -aux -srv calculate.x

The flag -aux causes `ocamlrpcgen` to create a module `Calculate_aux` containing types, and constants from the XDR definition, and containing conversion functions doing the language mapping from XDR to O'Caml and vice versa.

`Calculate_aux` defines the types for the arguments of the procedure and the result as follows:

    type t_P'V'add'arg =                      (* Arguments *)
          ( Netnumber.int4 * Netnumber.int4 )
    and t_P'V'add'res =                       (* Result *)
          Netnumber.int4

Note that the XDR integer type is mapped to `Netnumber.int4` which is an opaque type representing 4-byte signed integers. `Netnumber` defines conversion functions for int4 to/from other O'Caml types. If `Netnumber.int4` is not what you want, you can select a different integer mapping on the command line of `ocamlrpcgen`. For example, `-int int32` selects that you want the built-in `int32` integer type, and `-int unboxed` selects that you want the built-in `int` integer type. Note (1) that you can also select the integer mapping case-by-case (see below), and (2) that there is a corresponding switch for the XDR `hyper` type (8-byte integers).

`Calculate_aux` also defines constants (none in our example), conversion functions, XDR type terms, and RPC programs. These other kinds of definitions can be ignored for the moment.

## Generating clients with `ocamlrpcgen`

The flag `-clnt` causes `ocamlrpcgen` to generate the module `Calculate_clnt` containing functions necessary to contact a remote program as client. Here, `Calculate_clnt` has the signature:

    module P : sig
      module V : sig
        open Calculate_aux
        val create_client :
                ?esys:Unixqueue.event_system ->
                Rpc_client.connector ->
                Rpc.protocol ->
                Rpc_client.t
        val create_portmapped_client :
                ?esys:Unixqueue.event_system ->
                string ->
                Rpc.protocol ->
                Rpc_client.t
        val add : Rpc_client.t -> t_P'V'add'arg -> t_P'V'add'res
        val add'async :
                Rpc_client.t ->
                t_P'V'add'arg ->
                ((unit -> t_P'V'add'res) -> unit) ->
                unit
      end
    end

(Note: Depending on the version of `ocamlrpcgen` your are using, another function `create_client2` may also be generated.)

Normally, the function `P.V.create_portmapped_client` is the preferred function to contact the RPC program. For example, to call the `add` procedure running on host `moon`, the following statements suffice:

    let m1 = 42 in
    let m2 = 36 in
    let client = Calculator_clnt.P.V.create_portmapped_client "moon" Rpc.Tcp in
    let n = Calculator_clnt.P.V.add client (m1,m2) in
    Rpc_client.shut_down client;

That's all for a simple client!

The invocation of `P.V.create_portmapped_client` first asks the portmapper on "moon" for the TCP instance of the program `P.V`, and stores the resulting internet port. Because we wanted TCP, the TCP connection is opened, too. When `P.V.add` is called, the values `m1` and `m2` are XDR-encoded and sent over the TCP connection to the remote procedure; the answer is XDR-decoded and returned, here `n`. Finally, the function `Rpc_client.shut_down` closes the TCP connection.

Of course, this works for UDP transports, too; simply pass `Rpc.Udp` instead of `Rpc.Tcp`.

The function `P.V.create_client` does not contact the portmapper to find out the internet port; you must already know the port and pass it as connector argument (see `Rpc_client` for details).

You could have also invoked `add` in an asynchronous way by using `P.V.add'async`. This function does not wait until the result of the RPC call arrives; it returns immediately. When the result value has been received, the function passed as third argument is called back, and can process the value. An application of asynchronous calls is to invoke two remote procedures at the same time:

    let esys = Unixqueue.create_event_system() in
    let client1 = Calculator_clnt.P.V.create_portmapped_client
                    ~esys:esys "moon" Rpc.Tcp in
    let client2 = Calculator_clnt.P.V.create_portmapped_client
                    ~esys:esys "mars" Rpc.Tcp in
    let got_answer1 get_value =
      let v = get_value() in
      print_endline "moon has replied!"; ... in
    let got_answer2 get_value =
      let v = get_value() in
      print_endline "mars has replied!"; ... in
    Calculator_clnt.P.V.add'async client1 (m1,m2) got_answer1;
    Calculator_clnt.P.V.add'async client2 (m3,m4) got_answer1;
    Unixqueue.run esys

Here, the two clients can coexist because they share the same event system (see the `Unixqueue` module); this system manages it that every network event on the connection to "moon" will be forwarded to `client1` and that the network events on the connection to "mars" will be forwarded to `client2`. The `add'async` calls do not block; they only register themselves with the event system and return immediately. `Unixqueue.run` starts the event system: The XDR-encoded values `(m1,m2)` are sent to "moon", and `(m3,m4)` to "mars"; replies are recorded. Once the reply of "moon" is complete, `got_answer1` is called; once the reply of "mars" has been fully received, `got_answer2` is called. These functions can now query the received values by invoking `get_value`; note that `get_value` will either return the value or raise an exception if something went wrong. When both answers have been received and processed, `Unixqueue.run` will return.

Obviously, asynchronous clients are a bit more complicated than synchronous ones; however it is still rather simple to program them. For more information on how the event handling works, see `Equeue_intro`.

Note that clients have only a limited lifetime: After a shutdown or an error they become unusable. Since Ocamlnet version 3 there is another flavor of client, the so-called proxies. See The Rpc_proxy tutorial for an introduction. In particular, proxies can reconnect the connection to the server after a shutdown, and they can even manage several connections to the same server, or to different servers that are seen as equivalent.

## Generating servers with `ocamlrpcgen`

The flag `-srv` causes `ocamlrpcgen` to generate the module `Calculate_srv` containing functions which can act as RPC servers. (Note: Recent versions of `ocamlrpcgen` also support a switch `-srv2` that generates slightly better server stubs where one can bind several programs/versions to the same server port.) Here, `Calculate_srv` has the signature:

    module P : sig
      module V : sig
        open Calculate_aux
        val create_server :
                ?limit:int ->
                proc_add : (t_P'V'add'arg -> t_P'V'add'res) ->
                Rpc_server.connector ->
                Rpc.protocol ->
                Rpc.mode ->
                Unixqueue.event_system ->
                Rpc_server.t
        val create_async_server :
                ?limit:int ->
                proc_add : (Rpc_server.session ->
                            t_P'V'add'arg ->
                            (t_P'V'add'res -> unit) ->
                            unit) ->
                Rpc_server.connector ->
                Rpc.protocol ->
                Rpc.mode ->
                Unixqueue.event_system ->
                Rpc_server.t
        end
    end

There are two functions: `P.V.create_server` acts as a synchronous server, and `P.V.create_async_server` works as asynchronous server. Let's first explain the simpler synchronous case.

`P.V.create_server` accepts a number of labeled arguments and a number of anonymous arguments. There is always an optional `limit` parameter limiting the number of pending connections accepted by the server (default: 20); this is the second parameter of the `Unix.listen` system call. For every procedure p realized by the server there is a labeled argument `proc_`p passing the function actually computing the procedure. For synchronous servers, this function simply gets the argument of the procedure and must return the result of the procedure. In this example, we only want to realize the `add` procedure, and so there is only a `proc_add` argument. The anonymous `Rpc_server.connector` argument specifies the internet port (or the file descriptor) on which the server will listen for incoming connections. The `Rpc.protocol` argument defines whether this is a TCP-like (stream-oriented) or a UDP-like (datagram-oriented) service. The `Rpc.mode` parameter selects how the connector must be handled: Whether it acts like a socket or whether is behaves like an already existing bidirectional pipeline. Finally, the function expects the event system to be passed as last argument.

For example, to define a server accepting connections on the local loopback interface on TCP port 6789, the following statement creates such a server:

    let esys = Unixqueue.create_event_system in
    let server =
      Calculate_srv.P.V.create_server
        ~proc_add: add
        (Rpc_server.Localhost 6789)            (* connector *)
        Rpc.Tcp                                (* protocol *)
        Rpc.Socket                             (* mode *)
        esys

Note that this statement creates the server, but actually does not serve the incoming connections. You need an additionally

    Unixqueue.run esys

to start the service. (Note: If the server raises an exception, it will fall through to the caller of `Unixqueue.run`. The recommended way of handling this is to log the exception, and call `Unixqueue.run` again in a loop. If too many exceptions occur in very short time the program should terminate.)

Not all combinations of connectors, protocols, and modes are sensible. Especially the following values work:

- TCP internet servers: One of the connectors `Localhost` or `Portmapped`; the protocol `Rpc.Tcp`; the mode `Rpc.Socket`
- UDP internet servers: One of the connectors `Localhost` or `Portmapped`; the protocol `Rpc.Udp`; the mode `Rpc.Socket`
- Stream-based Unix domain socket servers: The connector `Unix`, the protocol `Rpc.Tcp`; the mode `Rpc.Socket`
- Datagram-based Unix domain socket servers: These are not supported
- Serving an already accepted (inetd) stream connection: The connector `Descriptor`; the protocol `Rpc.Tcp`; the mode `Rpc.BiPipe`

The connector `Portmapped` registers the service at the local portmapper, and is the connector of choice.

Note that servers with mode=`Socket` never terminate; they wait forever for service requests. On the contrary, servers with mode=`BiPipe` process only the current (next) request, and terminate then.

The resulting server is synchronous because the next request is only accepted after the previous request has been finished. This means that the calls are processed in a strictly serialized way (one after another); however, the network traffic caused by the current and by previous calls can overlap (to maximize network performance).

In contrast to this, an asynchronous server needs not respond immediately to an RPC call. Once the call has been registered, the server is free to reply whenever it likes to, even after other calls have been received. For example, you can synchronize several clients: Only after both clients A and B have called the procedure `sync`, the replies of the procedures are sent back:

    let client_a_sync = ref None
    let client_b_sync = ref None

    let sync s arg send_result =
      if arg.name_of_client = "A" then
        client_a_sync := Some send_result;
      if arg.name_of_client = "B" then
        client_b_sync := Some send_result;
      if !client_a_sync <> None && !client_b_sync <> None then (
        let Some send_result_to_a = !client_a_sync in
        let Some send_result_to_b = !client_b_sync in
        send_result_to_a "Synchronized";
        send_result_to_b "Synchronized";
      )

    let server =
      Sync.V.create_async_server
        ~proc_sync: sync
        ...

Here, the variables `client_a_sync` and `client_b_sync` store whether one of the clients have already called the `sync` service, and if so, the variables store also the function that needs to be called to pass the result back. For example, if `A` calls `sync` first, it is only recorded that there was such a call; because send_result is not invoked, `A` will not get a reply. However, the function `send_result` is stored in `client_a_sync` such that it can be invoked later. If `B` calls the `sync` procedure next, `client_b_sync` is updated, too. Because now both clients have called the service, synchronization has happed, and the answers to the procedure calls can be sent back to the clients. This is done by invoking the functions that have been remembered in `client_a_sync` and `client_b_sync`; the arguments of these functions are the return values of the `sync` procedure.

It is even possible for an asynchronous server not to respond at all; for example to implement batching (the server receives a large number of calls on a TCP connection and replies only to the last call; the reply to the last call implicitly commits that all previous calls have been received, too).

To create multi-port servers, several servers can share the same event system; e.g.

    let esys = Unixqueue.create_event_system in
    let tcp_server =
      P.V.create_server ... Rpc.Tcp ... esys in
    let udp_server =
      P.V.create_server ... Rpc.Udp ... esys in
    Unixqueue.run esys

(Note: To create servers that implement several program or version definitions, look for what the -srv2 switch of `ocamlrpcgen` generated.)

## Debugging aids

There are some built-in debugging aids for developing RPC clients and servers. Debug messages can be enabled by setting certain variables to `true`:

- `Rpc_client.Debug.enable`: Enables a general debug log for clients
- `Rpc_client.Debug.enable_ptrace`: Enables the client-side procedure trace. For every procedure call two messages are emitted, one for the request message and one for the response message. The level of verbosity can be set with `Rpc_client.Debug.ptrace_verbosity`.
- `Rpc_server.Debug.enable`: Enables a general debug log for servers
- `Rpc_server.Debug.enable_ptrace`: Enables the server-side procedure trace. For every procedure call three messages are emitted, one for the request message, one at the time the request is decoded, and one for the response message. The level of verbosity can be set with `Rpc_server.Debug.ptrace_verbosity`.
- `Rpc_server.Debug.enable_ctrace`: Enables the server-side connection trace

The messages are output via `Netlog.Debug`, and have a ``Debug` log level.

In Netplex context, the messages are redirected to the current Netplex logger, so that they appear in the normal log file. Also, messages are suppressed when they refer to the internally used RPC clients and servers.

# Command line arguments of ocamlrpcgen

The tool accepts the following options:

    usage: ocamlrpcgen [-aux] [-clnt] [-srv] [-srv2]
                       [-int   (abstract | int32 | unboxed) ]
                       [-hyper (abstract | int64 | unboxed) ]
                       [-cpp   (/path/to/cpp | none) ]
                       [-D var=value]
                       [-U var]
                       [-direct]
                       file.xdr ...

- `-aux`: Creates for every XDR file the auxiliary module containing the type and constant definitions as O'Caml expressions, and containing the conversion functions implementing the language mapping.
- `-clnt`: Creates for every XDR file a client module.
- `-srv`: Creates for every XDR file a server module.
- `-srv2`: Creates for every XDR file a new-style server module.
- `-int abstract`: Uses `Netnumber.int4` for signed ints and `Netnumber.uint4` for unsigned ints as default integer representation. This is the default.
- `-int int32`: Uses `int32` for both signed and unsigned ints as default integer representation. Note that overflows are ignored for unsigned ints; i.e. large unsigned XDR integers are mapped to negative `int32` values.
- `-int unboxed`: Uses `Pervasives.int` for both signed and unsigned ints as default integer representation. XDR values outside the range of O'Camls 31 bit signed ints are rejected (raise an exception).
- `-hyper abstract`: Uses `Netnumber.int8` for signed ints and `Netnumber.uint8` for unsigned ints as default hyper (64 bit integer) representation. This is the default.
- `-hyper int64`: Uses `int64` for both signed and unsigned ints as default hyper representation. Note that overflows are ignored for unsigned ints; i.e. large unsigned XDR hypers are mapped to negative `int64` values.
- `-hyper unboxed`: Uses `Pervasives.int` for both signed and unsigned ints as default hyper representation. XDR values outside the range of O'Camls 31 bit signed ints are rejected (raise an exception).
- `-cpp /path/to/cpp`: Applies the C preprocessor found under /path/to/cpp on the XDR files before these are processed. The default is `-cpp cpp` (i.e. look up the `cpp` command in the command search path).
- `-cpp none`: Does not call the C preprocessor.
- `-D var=value`: Defines the C preprocessor variable `var` with the given `value`.
- `-U var`: Undefines the C preprocessor variable `var`.
- `-direct`: The effect of this switch is that ocamlrpcgen generates different code that directly maps the XDR byte representation to the final OCaml values, and bypasses `Xdr.xdr_value` as much as possible. This is the same style the traditional rpcgen preferred. The code is faster (up to 50% for certain large values), but also much longer. As a rule of thumb, this style is only a win if you have arrays of structs, and these structs have many elements, and there are not many strings (because there is no acceleration for strings). For example, a numerical RPC interface would definetely profit from this alternate code generation scheme. Except generating more code, there is no downside of this scheme. (Available since Ocamlnet-3.5.)

# The language mapping underlying ocamlrpcgen

The language mapping determines how the XDR types are mapped to O'Caml types. See also `Rpc_mapping_ref`.

## The XDR syntax

From RFC 1832:

          declaration:
               type-specifier identifier
             | type-specifier identifier "[" value "]"
             | type-specifier identifier "<" [ value ] ">"
             | "opaque" identifier "[" value "]"
             | "opaque" identifier "<" [ value ] ">"
             | "string" identifier "<" [ value ] ">"
             | type-specifier "*" identifier
             | "void"

          value:
               constant
             | identifier

          type-specifier:
               [ "unsigned" ] "int"
             | [ "unsigned" ] "hyper"
             | "float"
             | "double"
             | "quadruple"
             | "bool"
             | enum-type-spec
             | struct-type-spec
             | union-type-spec
             | identifier

          enum-type-spec:
             "enum" enum-body

          enum-body:
             "{"
                ( identifier "=" value )
                ( "," identifier "=" value )*
             "}"

          struct-type-spec:
             "struct" struct-body

          struct-body:
             "{"
                ( declaration ";" )
                ( declaration ";" )*
             "}"

          union-type-spec:
             "union" union-body

          union-body:
             "switch" "(" declaration ")" "{"
                ( "case" value ":" declaration ";" )
                ( "case" value ":" declaration ";" )*
                [ "default" ":" declaration ";" ]
             "}"

          constant-def:
             "const" identifier "=" constant ";"

          type-def:
               "typedef" declaration ";"
             | "enum" identifier enum-body ";"
             | "struct" identifier struct-body ";"
             | "union" identifier union-body ";"

          definition:
               type-def
             | constant-def

          specification:
               definition *

`ocamlrpcgen` supports a few extensions to this standard, see below.

## Syntax of RPC programs

From RFC 1831:

       program-def:
          "program" identifier "{"
             version-def
             version-def *
          "}" "=" constant ";"

       version-def:
          "version" identifier "{"
              procedure-def
              procedure-def *
          "}" "=" constant ";"

       procedure-def:
          type-specifier identifier "(" type-specifier
            ("," type-specifier )* ")" "=" constant ";"

## Mapping names

Because XDR has a different naming concept than O'Caml, sometimes identifiers must be renamed. For example, if you have two structs with equally named components

    struct a {
      t1 c;
      ...;
    }

    struct b {
      t2 c;
      ...;
    }

the corresponding O'Caml types will be

    type a = { c : t1; ... }
    type b = { c' : t2; ... }

i.e. the second occurrence of `c` has been renamed to `c'`. Note that `ocamlrpcgen` prints always a warning for such renamings that are hard to predict.

Another reason to rename an identifier is that the first letter has the wrong case. In O'Caml, the case of the first letter must be compatible with its namespace. For example, a module name must be uppercase. Because RPC programs are mapped to O'Caml modules, the names of RPC programs must begin with an uppercase letter. If this is not the case, the identifier is (quietly) renamed, too.

You can specify the O'Caml name of every XDR/RPC identifier manually: Simply add after the definition of the identifier the phrase `=> ocaml_id` where `ocaml_id` is the preferred name for O'Caml. Example:

    struct a {
      t1 c => a_c;
      ...;
    }

    struct b {
      t2 c => b_c;
      ...;
    }

Now the generated O'Caml types are

    type a = { a_c : t1; ... }
    type b = { b_c : t2; ... }

This works wherever a name is defined in the XDR file.

## Directives for name mapping

Since Ocamlnet-3.6.7, there are now also a few directives influencing the name mapping for structs, unions, and enums:

- `_lowercase`: the XDR name is lowercased
- `_uppercase`: the XDR name is uppercased
- `_capitalize`: the XDR name is capitalized
- `_prefix "p"`: this prefix is prepended to the XDR name

It is possible to specify several directives, which are then applied one after the other.

- For structs, these directives control the name mapping of the elements. Place the directives before the left brace, e.g.

           struct a _lowercase _prefix "a_" {
             T1 string;
             T2 float;
           };

  This would generate the record type `type a = { a_t1 : string; a_t2 : float }` .

- For enums, these directives control the name mapping of the generated constants. Again, place the directives before the left brace, e.g.

           enum x _lowercase {
             ONE = 1,
             TWO = 2
           };

  The generated OCaml constants have here names `one` and `two`.
- For unions, the directives control the name mapping of the discriminating cases (when an enum is used for that). Place the directives before the `switch` keyword, e.g.

           union u _lowercase _capitalize switch (x discr) {
             case ONE: void;
             case TWO: double x;
           };

  This would generate the variant type `[`One | `Two of float]` in the Ocaml mapping.

## Mapping integer types

XDR defines 32 bit and 64 bit integers, each in a signed and unsigned variant. As O'Caml does only know 31 bit signed integers (type `int`; the so-called unboxed integers), 32 bit signed integers (type `int32`), and 64 bit signed integers (type `int64`), it is unclear how to map the XDR integers to O'Caml integers.

The module `Netnumber` defines the opaque types `int4`, `uint4`, `int8`, and `uint8` which exactly correspond to the XDR types. These are useful to pass integer values through to other applications, and for simple identification of things. However, you cannot compute directly with the `Netnumber` integers. Of course, `Netnumber` also provides conversion functions to the basic O'Caml integer types `int`, `int32`, and `int64`, but it would be very inconvenient to call these conversions for every integer individually.

Because of this, `ocamlrpcgen` has the possibility to specify the O'Caml integer variant for every integer value (and it generates the necessary conversion invocations automatically). The new keywords `_abstract`, `_int32`, `_int64`, and `_unboxed` select the variant to use:

- `_abstract int`: A signed 32 bit integer mapped to `Netnumber.int4`
- `_int32 int`: A signed 32 bit integer mapped to `int32`
- `_int64 int`: A signed 32 bit integer mapped to `int64`
- `_unboxed int`: A signed 32 bit integer mapped to `int`
- `unsigned _abstract int`: An unsigned 32 bit integer mapped to `Netnumber.uint4`
- `unsigned _int32 int`: An unsigned 32 bit integer mapped to `int32` (ignoring overflows)
- `unsigned _int64 int`: An unsigned 32 bit integer mapped to `int64`
- `unsigned _unboxed int`: An unsigned 32 bit integer mapped to `int`

Note that the 32 bits of the unsigned integer are simply casted to the 32 bits of `int32` in the case of `unsigned _int32 int` (the meaning of the sign is ignored). In contrast to this, the `_unboxed` specifier causes a language mapping rejecting too small or too big values.

A similar mapping can be specified for the 64 bit integers (hypers):

- `_abstract hyper`: A signed 64 bit integer mapped to `Netnumber.int8`
- `_int64 hyper`: A signed 64 bit integer mapped to `int64`
- `_unboxed hyper`: A signed 64 bit integer mapped to `int`
- `unsigned _abstract hyper`: An unsigned 64 bit integer mapped to `Netnumber.uint8`
- `unsigned _int64 hyper`: An unsigned 64 bit integer mapped to `int64`
- `unsigned _unboxed hyper`: An unsigned 64 bit integer mapped to `int`

Again, `unsigned _int64 hyper` causes that the 64 bits of the XDR values are casted to `int64`.

If the keyword specifying the kind of language mapping is omitted, the default mapping applies. Unless changed on the command line (options `-int` and `-hyper`), the default mapping is `_abstract`.

## Mapping floating-point types

The XDR types `single` and `double` are supported and both mapped to the O'Caml type `float`. The XDR type `quadruple` is not supported.

The code for `double` assumes that the CPU represents floating-point numbers according to the IEEE standards.

## Mapping string and opaque types

Strings and opaque values are mapped to O'Caml strings. If strings have a fixed length or a maximum length, this constraint is checked when the conversion is performed.

Since Ocamlnet-3, strings can be declared as "managed" in the XDR file, e.g.

    typedef _managed string s<>;

A managed string is mapped to the object type `Xdr_mstring.mstring`. The idea of managed strings is to avoid data copies as much as possible, and to introduce some freedom of representation. In particular, managed strings can be backed by normal strings or by bigarrays of char. The RPC library chooses the representation that works best, and avoids copying so far possible.

## Mapping array types

Arrays are mapped to O'Caml arrays. If arrays have a fixed length or a maximum length, this constraint is checked when the conversion is performed.

## Mapping record types (structs)

Structs are mapped to O'Caml records by default. The elements are mutable.

Since Ocamlnet-3.6.7 it is possible to add an equality constraint, e.g.

    struct x _equals "MyModule.x" {
      ...
    };

would generate

    type x = MyModule.x = { ... }

Another option since 3.6.7 is to request a tuple instead of a record:

    struct x _tuple { ... }

## Mapping enumerated types (enums)

Enumerated types are mapped to `Netnumber.int4` (always, regardless of what the `-int` option specifies). The enumerated constants are mapped to let-bound values of the same name. Example: The XDR definition

    enum e {
      A = 1;
      B = 2;
    }

generates the following lines of code in the auxiliary module:

    type e = Netnumber.int4;;
    val a : Netnumber.int4;;
    val b : Netnumber.int4;;

However, when the XDR conversion is performed, it is checked whether values of enumerators are contained in the set of allowed values.

The special enumerator `bool` is mapped to the O'Caml type `bool`.

## Mapping union types discriminated by enumerations

Often, XDR unions are discriminated by enumerations, so this case is handled specially. For every case of the enumerator, a polymorphic variant is generated that contains the selected arm of the union. Example:

    enum e {
      A = 1;
      B = 2;
      C = 3;
      D = 4;
    }

    union u (e discr) {
      case A:
        int x;
      case B:
        hyper y;
      default:
        string z;
    }

This is mapped to the O'Caml type definitions:

    type e = Netnumber.int4;;
    type u =
      [ `a of Netnumber.int4
      | `b of Netnumber.int8
      | `c of string
      | `d of string
      ]

Note that the identifiers of the components (`discr`, `x`, `y`, `z`) have vanished; they are simply not necessary in a sound typing environment. Also note that the default case has been expanded; because the cases of the enumerator are known it is possible to determine the missing cases meant by `default` and to define these cases explicitly.

## Mapping union types discriminated by integers

If the discriminant has integer type, a different mapping scheme is used. For every case occuring in the union definition a separate polymorphic variant is defined; if necessary, an extra default variant is added. Example:

    union u (int discr) {
      case -1:
        int x;
      case 1:
        hyper y;
      default:
        string z;
    }

This is mapped to the O'Caml type definition:

    type u =
      [ `__1 of Netnumber.int4
      | `_1  of Netnumber.int8
      | `default of (Netnumber.int4 * string)
      ]

Note that positive cases get variant tags of the form "_n" and that negative cases get variant tags of the form "__n". The default case is mapped to the tag ``default` with two arguments: First the value of the discriminant, second the value of the default component.

This type of mapping is not recommended, and only provided for completeness.

## Mapping option types (*)

The XDR `*` type is mapped to the O'Caml `option` type. Example:

    typedef string *s;

is mapped to

    type s = string option

## Mapping recursive types

Recursive types are fully supported. Unlike in the C language, you can recursively refer to types defined before or after the current type definition. Example:

    typedef intlistbody *intlist;   /* Forward reference */
    typedef struct {
      int value;
      intlist next;
    } intlistbody;

This is mapped to:

    type intlist = intlistbody option
    and intlistbody =
      { value : Netnumber.int4;
        next : intlist;
      }

However, it is not checked whether there is a finite fixpoint of the recursion. The O'Caml compiler will do this check anyway, so it not really needed within `ocamlrpcgen`.

# Overview over the RPC library

Normally, only the following modules are of interest:

- `Netnumber`: Supports serialization/deserialization of the basic integer and fp types
- `Rpc`: Contains some types needed everyhwere
- `Rpc_client`: Contains the functions supporting RPC clients
- `Rpc_server`: Contains the functions supporting RPC servers
- `Rpc_portmapper`: Functions to contact the portmapper service
- `Rpc_auth_sys`: AUTH_SYS style authentication.

# Netplex RPC systems

If you need multi-processing for your RPC program, the Netplex library might be a good solution (see `Netplex_intro`). It is limited to stream connections (TCP), however. With Netplex it is possible to develop systems of RPC services that connect to each other to do a certain job. Effectively, Netplex supports a component-based approach comparable to Corba, DCOM or Java Beans, but much more lightweight and efficient. In the following we call our technology Netplex RPC systems.

In this section it is assumed that you are familiar with the Netplex concepts (see `Netplex_intro` for an introduction).

The module `Rpc_netplex` (part of the `netplex` findlib library) allows us to encapsulate RPC servers as Netplex services. For instance, to turn the `calculate.x` example of above into a service we can do

    let factory =
      Rpc_netplex.rpc_factory
        ~name:"Calculate"
        ~configure:(fun _ _ -> ())
        ~setup:(fun srv () ->
                 Calculate_srv.bind
    	        ~proc_add: add
                    srv
               )
        ()

and pass this `factory` to `Netplex_main.startup`. Note that we have to generate `calculate_srv.ml` with the `-srv2` switch of `ocamlrpcgen`, otherwise `Calculate_srv.bind` is not available.

In the netplex config file we can refer to (and enable) this service by a section like

        service {
            name = "Calculate_service"            (* An arbitrary service name *)
            protocol {
    	    name = "Calculate_proto"          (* An arbitrary protocol name *)
                address {
    	        type = "internet";
                    bind = "0.0.0.0:2123"
                }
            };
            processor {
                type = "Calculate"                (* The ~name from above *)
            };
            workload_manager {
                type = "constant";
                threads = 1;                      (* Run in 1 process/thread *)
            };
        }

The interesting points of this technology are:

- You can bundle several services into one program. The services can be RPC-implemented or by using other protocol modules that are compatible with Netplex like the `Nethttpd_plex` web server.
- You can profit from multi-processing or multi-threading.
- Netplex provides a framework for logging, a message bus, and start/stop.

Currently, there is no directory service where one can register services by name and look them up. Such a service is under development, however, and will be released once the major functions work.

# Restrictions of the current implementation

The authentication styles AUTH_DH and AUTH_LOCAL are not yet supported on all platforms.

The implementation uses an intermediate, symbolic representation of the values to transport over the network. This may restrict the performance.

Quadruple-precision fp numbers are not supported.

RPC broadcasts are not supported.

TI-RPC and rpcbind versions 3 and 4 are not supported. (Note: There is some restricted support to contact existing TI-RPC servers over local transport in the `Rpc_xti` module.)