# Integration in die Arbeitsumgebung

Es gibt zwei Elemente zur grundsätzlichen Integration in die Umgebung der GNOME-Arbeitsumgebung.

1. Platzieren Sie einen Eintrag für ihre Anwendung in das Anwendung-Menü. Dies ist der primäre Mechanismus, mit dem Benutzern Anwendung finden und starten.

2. Falls Ihre Anwendung Dateien öffnen und speichern kann, platzieren Sie Einträge für solche Dateitypen in der Anwendungsdatenbank und in der Dokumententyp- (MIME)-Datenbank. Dies ermöglicht es der Dateiverwaltung und anderen Anwendungen automatisch Ihre Anwendung zu starten, wenn diese auf Dateien treffen, mit welchen Ihre Anwendung umgehen kann.

Fügen Sie keine Starter oder andere Symbole zur Arbeitsfläche hinzu, wenn Ihre Anwendung installiert wird. Die Arbeitsfläche ist ein Bereich des Benutzers, und ist reserviert für Symbole, welche sie selbst angefordert oder hinzugefügt haben.

## Setzen von Einträgen im Menü »Anwendungen«

Das Anwendungsmenü

Screenshot of the open Applications menu on the GNOME menu panel

Das Anwendungen-Menü, welches standardmäßig auf der Leiste an der oberen Seite des Bildschirm erscheint, ist der hauptsächliche Mechanismus, bei dem Benutzern Anwendungen entdecken und starten. Sie platzieren Einträge in dieses Menü, indem Sie eine passende `».desktop«`-Datei installieren.

The menu is arranged into a set of categories, such as Accessories and Games. Applications are placed in particular categories by the set of keywords they include in their `.desktop` file.

Richtlinien

- Assign your application to only one category on the Applications menu

- For application suites that wrap a number of smaller sub-applications into a single window, such as Evolution or OpenOffice.org, add a menu item for each sub-application. For example, the mail, calendar, and tasklist in Evolution should each have their own menu item.

Technical details can be found in the freedesktop.org menu and desktop entry specifications.

### Namen der Menüeinträge

#### Include a functional description in the menu name

In the menu item name, include a description of functionality in addition to the proper name of the application. This is especially useful novice users, and to users of systems where numerous applications are installed by default. Users are more likely to find your application if the name that appears in the menu includes a description of its functionality.

For example, user testing of MIT's Athena system revealed that users had difficulty finding the file manager because they were unfamiliar with the name "Nautilus". Because users did not associate the word "Nautilus" with the concept "file manager" the menu item did not help them. This is an example of not using the user's language. See for more on this topic.

Including functional description in menu names

Originaler Menüeintrag | Revidierter Menüeintrag
--- | ---
Epiphany | Epiphany Web Browser

#### Setzen Sie nur nützliche Informationen in den Menünamen

Do not include words like "GNOME", "X Window System", "GTK+" or other platform details in Application menu names. The user probably already knows what platform they are using, and if they don't, then application names are not the right place to inform them.

Removing non-essential information from menu names

Originaler Menüeintrag | Revidierter Menüeintrag
--- | ---
GNOME-Bildbetrachter | Bildbetrachter
GTK Blog Editor | Blog Editor

Do not include technical details when the user does not need to know them, or can infer them from context. Avoid technical jargon unless the application is to be used only by a technical audience.

For example, when both a client and a server for something are listed in the menus, remove the word "Client" from the menu name for the client.

Removing technical jargon from menu names

Originaler Menüeintrag | Revidierter Menüeintrag
--- | ---
Gnome Batalla Naval Client | Batalla Naval
Gnome Batalla Naval Server | Batalla Naval Multiplayer Server
Gnome VideoLAN Client | VideoLAN Movie Player

Bereitstellung der richtigen Informationen

Try to imagine what words users will be looking for when they select your application from the Applications menu. That is the information that should be in the menu name. For example, a user wanting to play a movie will probably not be looking for the word "Client". On the other hand, a user wanting to transmit movies from their computer may well look for the word "Server". Avoid thinking of the applications menu as an ontology!

#### Formate für Menünamen

1. If your application's proper name is already descriptive of its functionality, and not just suggestive, use the format: Application Name

   Verwendung des Anwendungsnamens als Menüname

   Anwendungsname | Menüname
   --- | ---
   Wörterbuch | Wörterbuch
   Suchwerkzeug | Suchwerkzeug

2. If there is a succinct functional description of your application, use the format: ApplicationName FunctionalDescription

   Verwenden

   Anwendungsname | Name des Menüeintrags
   --- | ---
   GIMP | GIMP-Bildbearbeitung
   Evolution email sub-application | Evolution Email
   AbiWord | AbiWord Textverarbeitung
   Galeon | Galeon Webbrowser
   Gramps | Gramps Genealogy
   AisleRiot | AisleRiot Solitär

3. A few applications, particularly games, do not have appropriate functional descriptions (but note that many games do). In this case, use Application Name as the menu name.

   Verwendung des Anwendungsnamens als Menüname für den Fall, dass keine funktionale Beschreibung verfügbar ist

   Anwendungsname | Name des Menüeintrags
   --- | ---
   Bomber Maze | Bomber Maze

### Minihilfen für Menüeinträge

Tooltips help provide users with enough information to run the right application. Many users use tooltips to explore a new environment.

Provide a tooltip for each Application menu item you add, following these guidelines:

Richtlinien

- Phrase the tooltip as an imperative verb, for example "design", "write" or "check".

- Describe the most important tasks users can accomplish with your application.

- Zwar sollten Minihilfen nicht allzu ausführlich sein, aber doch länger als der Name des Objekt und mit entsprechend höherem Informationsgehalt.

Beispiele für Minihilfen für GNOME-Anwendungen

Anwendung | Die Minihilfe des Menüeintrages
--- | ---
Zeichentabelle | Sonderzeichen in Dokumente einfügen
Memprof | Prüfen Sie Ihre Anwendungen auf Speicherlecks
Same Gnome | Arrange long chains of similarly-colored balls to eliminate them
Gnome Batalla Naval Client | Find and sink enemy ships in this networked version of Battleship

## GConf-Schlüssel

GConf keys are required to have long and short descriptions for each key. Many keys have no interface through the application, so for someone administering the key values from another application each description field will be the only interface available to them.

Richtlinien

- Kurzbeschreibungen sollten kurz sein (weniger als 8 Wörter) und den Zweck des Schlüssels beschreiben

- Long Description should be complete in describing the possible values of the key and the effects that those values have on the application

Beispiele für GConf-Schlüsselbeschreibungen aus gnome-terminal

Schlüssel | Kurzbeschreibung | Langbeschreibung
--- | --- | ---
background_type | HIntergrundtyp | Type of terminal background. May be "solid" for a solid color, "image" for an image, or "transparent" for pseudo-transparency.
delete_binding | Effekt der Entfernen-Taste | Sets what code the delete key generates. Possible values are "ascii-del" for the ASCII DEL character, "control-h" for Control-H (AKA the ASCII BS character), "escape-sequence" for the escape sequence typically bound to backspace or delete. "escape-sequence" is normally considered the correct setting for the Delete key.

## Zuordnen von Dokumenttypen zu Anwendungen

The document type (MIME) database allows users to specify their preferred applications for opening different types of documents. This is the mechanism by which Nautilus, Evolution and other applications decide which application to run when they encounter a document they cannot open themselves.

It is important for users to be able to double-click on documents they see on the desktop, such as files and email messages, and have them launch in their favorite application. Therefore, your GNOME application should associate itself at install-time with all the document types it can handle. Technical details on doing this can be found in the Freedesktop Shared MIME Info Specification and Desktop Entry Specification.

## Verwendung des Benachrichtigungsfelds

Using the status notification area applications can notify the user of non-critical events (for example, arrival of new email, or a chat 'buddy' having logged on), and expose the status of active system processes (for example, a printing document, or a laptop's battery charging).

Following the guidelines in this section will help to clarify the difference in the user's mind between information presented in the notification area, and controls and information presented on other parts of the panel.

The utility of the notification area decreases rapidly when more than about four icons are always present. For this reason, icons that appear only temporarily in response to events are preferable.

### Benachrichtigungsfeld oder Panel-Applet?

You should probably write an applet instead of using the notification area if:

- clicking your notification area icon does anything other than opening a window directly associated with the icon (e.g. a mail folder window for a new mail icon, or a print queue window for printer notification icon), or

- there are icon-specific options on its context menu for doing anything other than that

- your application would ever need to display more than one notification icon at the same time

### Erscheinungsbild der Symbole

Richtlinien

- Use table perspective for icons representing physical devices, with the light source above and to the left of the represented object. For example, a printer icon during printing. See for more about table perspective.

- Use shelf perspective, with overhead lighting, for all other icons. For example, an envelope shown when new mail arrives. See for more about shelf perspective.

- For monitors or progress bars that change over time, such as a battery charge monitor, clearly delimit the border of the area.

Richtlinien

- Only core GNOME programs may perpetually display an icon in the status area.

- Non-core programs for which a perpetual icon may be useful must default to not perpetually showing the icon. Users may select to enable a perpetual icon for the application as a preference. Standard way of presenting this option would be nice.

### Animation

Richtlinien

- Icons should not usually appear animated. They may change to indicate a change of state, but should not do so when that change occurs regularly or rapidly. A battery status indicator would usually change slowly, therefore an icon is appropriate. By contrast, a load meter would always be changing, therefore it should use a flat image.

- Any icon may blink to indicate an error in deference to showing an alert. For example, a printing-in-progress icon may blink when there is a paper jam, but not when the printer is on fire - that should show an alert.

- Do not rely on blinking or animation as a means of alerting the user to any particular event.

### Interaktion

Icons should respond to these user actions. (Keypresses apply only when the icon has focus, of course)

Richtlinien

- Double-click or Space key should perform the icon's default action. Normally this should open a window with relevant data, for example:

  - the printer queue for a printing-in-progress icon.

  - the inbox for an incoming email icon

  - the message for an incoming message

- Right-click or Shift F10 should present a menu for the icon containing at least the icon's default action.

- If the icon's properties may be altered, it should have a menu item Properties in its menu, nd show its property panel in response to Alt+Enter.

- Icons should obey normal tooltip conventions.