Manual de aprendizaje de GNU LilyPond: A.4 Conjuntos vocales

## A.4 Conjuntos vocales

### A.4.1 Partitura vocal SATB

He aquí una partitura vocal estándar para cuatro voces SATB. Con grupos mayores, suele ser útil incluir una sección que aparezca en todas las partes. Por ejemplo, el compás y la armadura casi siempre son los mismos para todas. Como en la plantilla “Himno”, las cuatro voces se reagrupan en sólo dos pentagramas.

>     \paper {
>       top-system-spacing #'basic-distance = #10
>       score-system-spacing #'basic-distance = #20
>       system-system-spacing #'basic-distance = #20
>       last-bottom-spacing #'basic-distance = #10
>     }

>     global = {
>       \key c \major
>       \time 4/4
>     }

>     sopMusic = \relative c'' {
>       c4 c c8[( b)] c4
>     }
>     sopWords = \lyricmode {
>       hi hi hi hi
>     }

>     altoMusic = \relative c' {
>       e4 f d e
>     }
>     altoWords = \lyricmode {
>       ha ha ha ha
>     }

>     tenorMusic = \relative c' {
>       g4 a f g
>     }
>     tenorWords = \lyricmode {
>       hu hu hu hu
>     }

>     bassMusic = \relative c {
>       c4 c g c
>     }
>     bassWords = \lyricmode {
>       ho ho ho ho
>     }

>     \score {
>       \new ChoirStaff <<
>         \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \with {
>           % this is needed for lyrics above a staff
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #DOWN
>         }
>         \new Staff = "women" <<
>           \new Voice = "sopranos" {
>             \voiceOne
>             << \global \sopMusic >>
>           }
>           \new Voice = "altos" {
>             \voiceTwo
>             << \global \altoMusic >>
>           }
>         >>
>         \new Lyrics = "altos"
>         \new Lyrics = "tenors" \with {
>           % this is needed for lyrics above a staff
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #DOWN
>         }
>         \new Staff = "men" <<
>           \clef bass
>           \new Voice = "tenors" {
>             \voiceOne
>             << \global \tenorMusic >>
>           }
>           \new Voice = "basses" {
>             \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >>
>           }
>         >>
>         \new Lyrics = "basses"
>         \context Lyrics = "sopranos" \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords
>         \context Lyrics = "altos" \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords
>         \context Lyrics = "tenors" \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords
>         \context Lyrics = "basses" \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords
>       >>
>     }

### A.4.2 Partitura vocal SATB y reducción para piano automática

Esta plantilla añade una reducción de piano automática a la partitura vocal SATB estándar que se mostró en la “Plantilla de conjunto vocal”. Esto presenta uno de los puntos fuertes de LilyPond: podemos usar una definición de música más de una vez. Si se hace cualquier cambio en las notas de la parte vocal (digamos `tenorMusic`), entonces los cambios se aplicarán también a la reducción de piano.

>     \paper {
>       top-system-spacing #'basic-distance = #10
>       score-system-spacing #'basic-distance = #20
>       system-system-spacing #'basic-distance = #20
>       last-bottom-spacing #'basic-distance = #10
>     }

>     global = {
>       \key c \major
>       \time 4/4
>     }

>     sopMusic = \relative c'' {
>       c4 c c8[( b)] c4
>     }
>     sopWords = \lyricmode {
>       hi hi hi hi
>     }

>     altoMusic = \relative c' {
>       e4 f d e
>     }
>     altoWords =\lyricmode {
>       ha ha ha ha
>     }

>     tenorMusic = \relative c' {
>       g4 a f g
>     }
>     tenorWords = \lyricmode {
>       hu hu hu hu
>     }

>     bassMusic = \relative c {
>       c4 c g c
>     }
>     bassWords = \lyricmode {
>       ho ho ho ho
>     }

>     \score {
>       <<
>         \new ChoirStaff <<
>           \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \with {
>             % This is needed for lyrics above a staff
>             \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #DOWN
>           }
>           \new Staff = "women" <<
>             \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> }
>             \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> }
>           >>
>           \new Lyrics = "altos"
>           \new Lyrics = "tenors" \with {
>             % This is needed for lyrics above a staff
>             \override VerticalAxisGroup #'staff-affinity = #DOWN
>           }

>           \new Staff = "men" <<
>             \clef bass
>             \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> }
>             \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> }
>           >>
>           \new Lyrics = "basses"
>           \context Lyrics = "sopranos" \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords
>           \context Lyrics = "altos" \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords
>           \context Lyrics = "tenors" \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords
>           \context Lyrics = "basses" \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords
>         >>
>         \new PianoStaff <<
>           \new Staff <<
>             \set Staff.printPartCombineTexts = ##f
>             \partcombine
>             << \global \sopMusic >>
>             << \global \altoMusic >>
>           >>
>           \new Staff <<
>             \clef bass
>             \set Staff.printPartCombineTexts = ##f
>             \partcombine
>             << \global \tenorMusic >>
>             << \global \bassMusic >>
>           >>
>         >>
>       >>
>     }

### A.4.3 SATB con contextos alineados

Esta plantilla es, básicamente, la misma que la sencilla plantilla “Conjunto vocal”, excepto que aquí todas las líneas de letra se colocan utilizando `alignAboveContext` y `alignBelowContext`.

>     global = {
>       \key c \major
>       \time 4/4
>     }

>     sopMusic = \relative c'' {
>       c4 c c8[( b)] c4
>     }
>     sopWords = \lyricmode {
>       hi hi hi hi
>     }

>     altoMusic = \relative c' {
>       e4 f d e
>     }
>     altoWords = \lyricmode {
>       ha ha ha ha
>     }

>     tenorMusic = \relative c' {
>       g4 a f g
>     }
>     tenorWords = \lyricmode {
>       hu hu hu hu
>     }

>     bassMusic = \relative c {
>       c4 c g c
>     }
>     bassWords = \lyricmode {
>       ho ho ho ho
>     }

>     \score {
>       \new ChoirStaff <<
>         \new Staff = "women" <<
>           \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> }
>           \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> }
>         >>
>         \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords
>         \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords
>         % we could remove the line about this with the line below, since we want
>         % the alto lyrics to be below the alto Voice anyway.
>         % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords

>         \new Staff = "men" <<
>           \clef bass
>           \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> }
>           \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> }
>         >>
>         \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords
>         \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords
>         % again, we could replace the line above this with the line below.
>         % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords
>       >>
>     }

### A.4.4 SATB sobre cuatro pentagramas

SATB choir template (four staves)

>     global = {
>       \key c \major
>       \time 4/4
>       \dynamicUp
>     }
>     sopranonotes = \relative c'' {
>       c2 \p \< d c d \f
>     }
>     sopranowords = \lyricmode { do do do do }
>     altonotes = \relative c'' {
>       c2\p d c d
>     }
>     altowords = \lyricmode { re re re re }
>     tenornotes = {
>       \clef "G_8"
>       c2\mp d c d
>     }
>     tenorwords = \lyricmode { mi mi mi mi }
>     bassnotes = {
>       \clef bass
>       c2\mf d c d
>     }
>     basswords = \lyricmode { mi mi mi mi }

>     \score {
>       \new ChoirStaff <<
>         \new Staff <<
>           \new Voice = "soprano" <<
>             \global
>             \sopranonotes
>           >>
>           \lyricsto "soprano" \new Lyrics \sopranowords
>         >>
>         \new Staff <<
>           \new Voice = "alto" <<
>             \global
>             \altonotes
>           >>
>           \lyricsto "alto" \new Lyrics \altowords
>         >>
>         \new Staff <<
>           \new Voice = "tenor" <<
>             \global
>             \tenornotes
>           >>
>           \lyricsto "tenor" \new Lyrics \tenorwords
>         >>
>         \new Staff <<
>           \new Voice = "bass" <<
>             \global
>             \bassnotes
>           >>
>           \lyricsto "bass" \new Lyrics \basswords
>         >>
>       >>
>     }

### A.4.5 Estrofas a solo y estribillo a dos voces

Esta plantilla crea una partitura que comienza con una estrofa para solista y continúa con un estribillo a dos voces. también muestra el uso de silencios de separación dentro de la variable `\global` para definir cambios de compás (y otros elementos que son comunes a todas las partes) a lo largo de toda la partitura.

>     global = {
>       \key g \major

>       % verse
>       \time 3/4
>       s2.*2
>       \break

>       % refrain
>       \time 2/4
>       s2*2
>       \bar "|."
>     }

>     SoloNotes = \relative g' {
>       \clef "treble"

>       % verse
>       g4 g g |
>       b4 b b |

>       % refrain
>       R2*2 |
>     }

>     SoloLyrics = \lyricmode {
>       One two three |
>       four five six |
>     }

>     SopranoNotes = \relative c'' {
>       \clef "treble"

>       % verse
>       R2.*2 |

>       % refrain
>       c4 c |
>       g4 g |
>     }

>     SopranoLyrics = \lyricmode {
>       la la |
>       la la |
>     }

>     BassNotes = \relative c {
>       \clef "bass"

>       % verse
>       R2.*2 |

>       % refrain
>       c4 e |
>       d4 d |
>     }

>     BassLyrics = \lyricmode {
>       dum dum |
>       dum dum |
>     }

>     \score {
>       <<
>         \new Voice = "SoloVoice" << \global \SoloNotes >>
>         \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SoloVoice" \SoloLyrics

>         \new ChoirStaff <<
>           \new Voice = "SopranoVoice" << \global \SopranoNotes >>
>           \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SopranoVoice" \SopranoLyrics

>           \new Voice = "BassVoice" << \global \BassNotes >>
>           \new Lyrics \lyricsto "BassVoice" \BassLyrics
>         >>
>       >>
>       \layout {
>         ragged-right = ##t
>         \context { \Staff
>           % these lines prevent empty staves from being printed
>           \RemoveEmptyStaves
>           \override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
>         }
>       }
>     }

### A.4.6 Melodías de himnos

Este fragmento de código muestra una forma de preparar un himno cuando cada línea comienza con un compás parcial. También muestra cómo añadir los versos como texto independiente debajo de la música.

>     Timeline = {
>       \time 4/4
>       \tempo 4=96
>       \partial 2
>       s2 | s1 | s2 \breathe s2 | s1 | s2 \bar "||" \break
>       s2 | s1 | s2 \breathe s2 | s1 | s2 \bar "||"
>     }

>     SopranoMusic = \relative g' {
>       g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2
>       g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2
>     }

>     AltoMusic = \relative c' {
>       d4 d | d d d d | d d d d | d d d d | d2
>       d4 d | d d d d | d d d d | d d d d | d2
>     }

>     TenorMusic = \relative a {
>       b4 b | b b b b | b b b b | b b b b | b2
>       b4 b | b b b b | b b b b | b b b b | b2
>     }

>     BassMusic =  \relative g {
>       g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2
>       g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2
>     }

>     global = {
>      \key g \major
>     }

>     \score {  % Start score
>       <<
>         \new PianoStaff <<  % Start pianostaff
>           \new Staff <<  % Start Staff = RH
>             \global
>             \clef "treble"
>             \new Voice = "Soprano" <<  % Start Voice = "Soprano"
>               \Timeline
>               \voiceOne
>               \SopranoMusic
>             >>  % End Voice = "Soprano"
>             \new Voice = "Alto" <<  % Start Voice = "Alto"
>               \Timeline
>               \voiceTwo
>               \AltoMusic
>             >>  % End Voice = "Alto"
>           >>  % End Staff = RH
>           \new Staff <<  % Start Staff = LH
>             \global
>             \clef "bass"
>             \new Voice = "Tenor" <<  % Start Voice = "Tenor"
>               \Timeline
>               \voiceOne
>               \TenorMusic
>             >>  % End Voice = "Tenor"
>             \new Voice = "Bass" <<  % Start Voice = "Bass"
>               \Timeline
>               \voiceTwo
>               \BassMusic
>             >>  % End Voice = "Bass"
>           >>  % End Staff = LH
>         >>  % End pianostaff
>       >>
>     }  % End score

>     \markup {
>       \fill-line {
>         ""
>         {
>           \column {
>             \left-align {
>               "This is line one of the first verse"
>               "This is line two of the same"
>               "And here's line three of the first verse"
>               "And the last line of the same"
>             }
>           }
>         }
>         ""
>       }
>     }

>     \paper {  % Start paper block
>       indent = 0     % don't indent first system
>       line-width = 130   % shorten line length to suit music
>     }  % End paper block

### A.4.7 Salmos

This template shows one way of setting out an Anglican psalm chant. It also shows how the verses may be added as stand-alone text under the music. The two verses are coded in different styles to demonstrate more possibilities.

>     SopranoMusic = \relative g' {
>       g1 | c2 b | a1 | \bar "||"
>       a1 | d2 c | c b | c1 | \bar "||"
>     }

>     AltoMusic = \relative c' {
>       e1 | g2 g | f1 |
>       f1 | f2 e | d d | e1 |
>     }

>     TenorMusic = \relative a {
>       c1 | c2 c | c1 |
>       d1 | g,2 g | g g | g1 |
>     }

>     BassMusic =  \relative c {
>       c1 | e2 e | f1 |
>       d1 | b2 c | g' g | c,1 |
>     }

>     global = {
>       \time 2/2
>     }

>     dot = \markup {
>       \raise #0.7 \musicglyph #"dots.dot"
>     }

>     tick = \markup {
>       \raise #1 \fontsize #-5 \musicglyph #"scripts.rvarcomma"
>     }

>     % Use markup to center the chant on the page
>     \markup {
>       \fill-line {
>         \score {  % centered
>           <<
>             \new ChoirStaff <<
>               \new Staff <<
>                 \global
>                 \clef "treble"
>                 \new Voice = "Soprano" <<
>                   \voiceOne
>                   \SopranoMusic
>                 >>
>                 \new Voice = "Alto" <<
>                   \voiceTwo
>                   \AltoMusic
>                 >>
>               >>
>               \new Staff <<
>                 \clef "bass"
>                 \global
>                 \new Voice = "Tenor" <<
>                   \voiceOne
>                   \TenorMusic
>                 >>
>                 \new Voice = "Bass" <<
>                   \voiceTwo
>                   \BassMusic
>                 >>
>               >>
>             >>
>           >>
>           \layout {
>             \context {
>               \Score
>               \override SpacingSpanner
>               #'base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 2)
>             }
>             \context {
>               \Staff
>               \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
>             }
>           }
>         }  % End score
>       }
>     }  % End markup

>     \markup {
>       \fill-line {
>         \column {
>           \left-align {
>             \null \null \null
>             \line {
>               \fontsize #5 O
>               \fontsize #3 come
>               let us \bold sing | unto \dot the | Lord : let
>             }
>             \line {
>               us heartily
>               \concat { re \bold joice }
>               in the | strength of | our
>             }
>             \line {
>               sal | vation.
>             }
>             \null
>             \line {
>               \hspace #2.5 8. Today if ye will hear his voice *
>             }
>             \line {
>               \concat { \bold hard en }
>               \tick not your \tick hearts : as in the pro-
>             }
>             \line {
>               vocation * and as in the \bold day of tempt- \tick
>             }
>             \line {
>               -ation \tick in the \tick wilderness.
>             }
>           }
>         }
>       }
>     }

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