Localization
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## Localization

Localization is the act of making programs behave in a region-specific way. When a program formats numbers or dates in a way specific to your part of the world or prints messages (or accepts input) in your native language, the program is said to be localized. This section describes steps Subversion has made toward localization.

### Understanding Locales

Most modern operating systems have a notion of the “current locale”—that is, the region or country whose localization conventions are honored. These conventions—typically chosen by some runtime configuration mechanism on the computer—affect the way in which programs present data to the user, as well as the way in which they accept user input.

On most Unix-like systems, you can check the values of the locale-related runtime configuration options by running the locale command:

    $ locale
    LANG=
    LC_COLLATE="C"
    LC_CTYPE="C"
    LC_MESSAGES="C"
    LC_MONETARY="C"
    LC_NUMERIC="C"
    LC_TIME="C"
    LC_ALL="C"
    $

The output is a list of locale-related environment variables and their current values. In this example, the variables are all set to the default `C` locale, but users can set these variables to specific country/language code combinations. For example, if one were to set the `LC_TIME` variable to `fr_CA`, programs would know to present time and date information formatted according to a French-speaking Canadian's expectations. And if one were to set the `LC_MESSAGES` variable to `zh_TW`, programs would know to present human-readable messages in Traditional Chinese. Setting the `LC_ALL` variable has the effect of changing every locale variable to the same value. The value of `LANG` is used as a default value for any locale variable that is unset. To see the list of available locales on a Unix system, run the command `locale -a`.

On Windows, locale configuration is done via the “Regional and Language Options” control panel item. There you can view and select the values of individual settings from the available locales, and even customize (at a sickening level of detail) several of the display formatting conventions.

### Subversion's Use of Locales

The Subversion client, svn, honors the current locale configuration in two ways. First, it notices the value of the `LC_MESSAGES` variable and attempts to print all messages in the specified language. For example:

    $ export LC_MESSAGES=de_DE
    $ svn help cat
    cat: Gibt den Inhalt der angegebenen Dateien oder URLs aus.
    Aufruf: cat ZIEL[@REV]...
    …

This behavior works identically on both Unix and Windows systems. Note, though, that while your operating system might have support for a certain locale, the Subversion client still may not be able to speak the particular language. In order to produce localized messages, human volunteers must provide translations for each language. The translations are written using the GNU gettext package, which results in translation modules that end with the `.mo` filename extension. For example, the German translation file is named `de.mo`. These translation files are installed somewhere on your system. On Unix, they typically live in `/usr/share/locale/`, while on Windows they're often found in the `\share\locale\` folder in Subversion's installation area. Once installed, a module is named after the program for which it provides translations. For example, the `de.mo` file may ultimately end up installed as `/usr/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/subversion.mo`. By browsing the installed `.mo` files, you can see which languages the Subversion client is able to speak.

The second way in which the locale is honored involves how svn interprets your input. The repository stores all paths, filenames, and log messages in Unicode, encoded as UTF-8. In that sense, the repository is internationalized—that is, the repository is ready to accept input in any human language. This means, however, that the Subversion client is responsible for sending only UTF-8 filenames and log messages into the repository. To do this, it must convert the data from the native locale into UTF-8.

For example, suppose you create a file named `caffè.txt`, and then when committing the file, you write the log message as “Adesso il caffè è più forte.” Both the filename and the log message contain non-ASCII characters, but because your locale is set to `it_IT`, the Subversion client knows to interpret them as Italian. It uses an Italian character set to convert the data to UTF-8 before sending it off to the repository.

Note that while the repository demands UTF-8 filenames and log messages, it does not pay attention to file contents. Subversion treats file contents as opaque strings of bytes, and neither client nor server makes an attempt to understand the character set or encoding of the contents.

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