## Chapter 50. Database Physical Storage

This chapter provides an overview of the physical storage format used by PostgreSQL databases.

## 50.1. Database File Layout

This section describes the storage format at the level of files and directories.

All the data needed for a database cluster is stored within the cluster's data directory, commonly referred to as `PGDATA` (after the name of the environment variable that can be used to define it). A common location for `PGDATA` is `/var/lib/pgsql/data`. Multiple clusters, managed by different postmasters, can exist on the same machine.

The `PGDATA` directory contains several subdirectories and control files, as shown in Table 50.1, “Contents of `PGDATA`”. In addition to these required items, the cluster configuration files `postgresql.conf`, `pg_hba.conf`, and `pg_ident.conf` are traditionally stored in `PGDATA` (although in PostgreSQL 8.0 and later, it is possible to keep them elsewhere).

Table 50.1. Contents of `PGDATA`

Item | Description
--- | ---
`PG_VERSION` | A file containing the major version number of PostgreSQL
`base` | Subdirectory containing per-database subdirectories
`global` | Subdirectory containing cluster-wide tables, such as `pg_database`
`pg_clog` | Subdirectory containing transaction commit status data
`pg_multixact` | Subdirectory containing multitransaction status data (used for shared row locks)
`pg_subtrans` | Subdirectory containing subtransaction status data
`pg_tblspc` | Subdirectory containing symbolic links to tablespaces
`pg_twophase` | Subdirectory containing state files for prepared transactions
`pg_xlog` | Subdirectory containing WAL (Write Ahead Log) files
`postmaster.opts` | A file recording the command-line options the postmaster was last started with
`postmaster.pid` | A lock file recording the current postmaster PID and shared memory segment ID (not present after postmaster shutdown)

For each database in the cluster there is a subdirectory within `PGDATA``/base`, named after the database's OID in `pg_database`. This subdirectory is the default location for the database's files; in particular, its system catalogs are stored there.

Each table and index is stored in a separate file, named after the table or index's filenode number, which can be found in `pg_class`.`relfilenode`.

### Caution

Note that while a table's filenode often matches its OID, this is not necessarily the case; some operations, like `TRUNCATE`, `REINDEX`, `CLUSTER` and some forms of `ALTER TABLE`, can change the filenode while preserving the OID. Avoid assuming that filenode and table OID are the same.

When a table or index exceeds 1Gb, it is divided into gigabyte-sized segments. The first segment's file name is the same as the filenode; subsequent segments are named filenode.1, filenode.2, etc. This arrangement avoids problems on platforms that have file size limitations. The contents of tables and indexes are discussed further in Section 50.3, “Database Page Layout”.

A table that has columns with potentially large entries will have an associated TOAST table, which is used for out-of-line storage of field values that are too large to keep in the table rows proper. `pg_class`.`reltoastrelid` links from a table to its TOAST table, if any. See Section 50.2, “TOAST” for more information.

Tablespaces make the scenario more complicated. Each user-defined tablespace has a symbolic link inside the `PGDATA``/pg_tblspc` directory, which points to the physical tablespace directory (as specified in its `CREATE TABLESPACE` command). The symbolic link is named after the tablespace's OID. Inside the physical tablespace directory there is a subdirectory for each database that has elements in the tablespace, named after the database's OID. Tables within that directory follow the filenode naming scheme. The `pg_default` tablespace is not accessed through `pg_tblspc`, but corresponds to `PGDATA``/base`. Similarly, the `pg_global` tablespace is not accessed through `pg_tblspc`, but corresponds to `PGDATA``/global`.