Devel.pod - Mason Developer's Manual This manual is written for content developers who know HTML and at least a little Perl. The goal is to write, run, and debug Mason components. If you are the webmaster (or otherwise responsible for the Mason installation), you should also read HTML::Mason::Admin. There you will find information about virtual site configuration, performance tuning, component caching, and so on. We strongly suggest that you have a working Mason to play with as you work through these examples. Other component examples can be found in the `samples/' directory. If you are just learning Mason and want to get started quickly, we recommend the following sections: o the What Are Components? entry elsewhere in this document o the In-Line Perl Sections entry elsewhere in this document o the Calling Components entry elsewhere in this document o the Passing Parameters entry elsewhere in this document o the Initialization and Cleanup entry elsewhere in this document (mainly `<%init>') o the Data Caching entry elsewhere in this document o the Sending HTTP Headers entry elsewhere in this document o the Common Traps entry elsewhere in this document The component - a mix of Perl and HTML - is Mason's basic building block and computational unit. Under Mason, web pages are formed by combining the output from multiple components. An article page for a news publication, for example, might call separate components for the company masthead, ad banner, left table of contents, and article body. Consider this layout sketch: +---------+------------------+ |Masthead | Banner Ad | +---------+------------------+ | | | |+-------+|Text of Article ..| || || | ||Related||Text of Article ..| ||Stories|| | || ||Text of Article ..| |+-------+| | | +------------------+ | | Footer | +---------+------------------+ The top level component decides the overall page layout, perhaps with HTML tables. Individual cells are then filled by the output of subordinate components, one for the Masthead, one for the Footer, etc. In practice pages are built up from as few as one, to as many as twenty or more components. This component approach reaps many benefits in a web environment. The first benefit is consistency: by embedding standard design elements in components, you ensure a consistent look and make it possible to update the entire site with just a few edits. The second benefit is concurrency: in a multi-person environment, one person can edit the masthead while another edits the table of contents. A last benefit is reuseability: a component produced for one site might be useful on another. You can develop a library of generally useful components to employ on your sites and to share with others. Most components emit chunks of HTML. "Top level" components, invoked from a URL, represent an entire web page. Other, subordinate components emit smaller bits of HTML destined for inclusion in top level components. Components receive form and query data from HTTP requests. When called from another component, they can accept arbitrary parameter lists just like a subroutine, and optionally return values. This enables a type of component that does not print any HTML, but simply serves as a function, computing and returning a result. Mason actually compiles components down to Perl subroutines, so you can debug and profile component-based web pages with standard Perl tools that understand the subroutine concept, e.g. you can use the Perl debugger to step through components, and Devel::DProf to profile their performance. Here is a simple component example: <%perl> my $noun = 'World'; my @time = split /[\s:]/, localtime; </%perl> Hello <% $noun %>, % if ( $time[3] < 12 ) { good morning. % } else { good afternoon. % } After 12 pm, the output of this component is: Hello world, good afternoon. This short example demonstrates the three primary "in-line" Perl sections. In-line sections are generally embedded within HTML and execute in the order they appear. Other sections (`<%init>', `<%args>', etc.) are tied to component events like initialization, cleanup, and argument definition. The parsing rules for these Perl sections are as follows: Blocks of the form <% xxx %> are replaced with the result of evaluating xxx as a single Perl expression. These are often used for variable replacement. such as 'Hello, <% $name %>!'. Lines beginning with a '%' character are treated as Perl. Multiline blocks of Perl code can be inserted with the `<%perl>' .. `</%perl>' tag. The enclosed text is executed as Perl and the return value, if any, is discarded. The `<%perl>' tag is case-insensitive. It may appear anywhere in the text, and may span any number of lines. `<%perl>' blocks cannot be nested inside one another.

Examples and Recommended Usage
% lines Most useful for conditional and loop structures - if, while, foreach, , etc. - as well as side-effect commands like assignments. Examples: o Conditional code % my $ua = $r->header_in('User-Agent'); % if ($ua =~ /msie/i) { Welcome, Internet Explorer users ... % } elsif ($ua =~ /mozilla/i) { Welcome, Netscape users ... % } o HTML list formed from array <ul> % foreach $item (@list) { <li><% $item %> % } </ul> o HTML list formed from hash <ul> % while (my ($key,$value) = each(%ENV)) { <li> <b><% $key %></b>: <% $value %> % } </ul> o HTML table formed from list of hashes <table> <tr> % foreach my $h (@loh) { <td><% $h->{foo} %></td> <td bgcolor=#ee0000><% $h->{bar} %></td> <td><% $h->{baz} %></td> % } </tr> </table> &lt;% xxx %&gt; Most useful for printing out variables, as well as more complex expressions. Examples: Dear <% $name %>: We will come to your house at <% $address %> in the fair city of <% $city %> to deliver your $<% $amount %> dollar prize! The answer is <% ($y+8) % 2 %>. You are <% $age<18 ? 'not' : '' %> permitted to enter this site. &lt;%perl&gt; xxx &lt;%/perl&gt; Useful for Perl blocks of more than a few lines. This section describes the various objects in the Mason universe. If you're just starting out, all you need to worry about initially are the request objects.

Request Objects
Two global per-request objects are available to all components: $r and $m. $r, the mod_perl request object, provides a Perl API to the current Apache request. It is fully described in Apache.pod. Here is a sampling of methods useful to component developers: $r->uri # the HTTP request URI $r->header_in(..) # get the named HTTP header line $r->content_type # set or retrieve content-type $r->header_out(..) # set or retrieve an outgoing header $r->content # don't use this one! (see Tips and Traps) $m, the Mason request object, provides an analogous API for Mason. All Mason features not activated by syntactic tags are accessed via $m methods. You'll be introduced to these methods throughout this document as they are needed. For a description of all methods see the HTML::Mason::Request manpage. Note to pre-0.8 users: The $m API replaces both the old `mc_' command set and the $REQ variable. See the HTML::Mason::Commands manpage for a conversion guide. There is also a utility provided with the distribution, bin/convert0.8.pl, that performs appropriate conversions on your existing component tree.

System Objects
Three system objects share the work of serving requests in Mason: Parser, Interp, and ApacheHandler. The administrator creates these objects and provides parameters that shape Mason's behavior. As a pure component developer you shouldn't need to worry about or access these objects, but occasionally we'll mention a relevant parameter.

Component Objects
Mason provides an object API for components, allowing you to query a component's various asociated files, arguments, etc. For a description of all methods see the HTML::Mason::Component manpage. Typically you get a handle on a component object from request methods like `$m->current_comp' and `$m->fetch_comp'. Note that for many basic applications all you'll want to do with components is call them, for which no object method is needed. See next section. Mason pages often are built not from a single component, but from multiple components that call each other in a hierarchical fashion.

Components that output HTML
To call one component from another, use the <& &> tag: <& comp_path, [name=>value, ...] &> The component path. With a leading '/', the path is relative to the component root (`comp_root'). Otherwise, it is relative to the location of the calling component. Parameters are passed as one or more name=>value pairs, e.g. `player=>'M. Jordan''. comp_path may be a literal string (quotes optional) or a Perl expression that evaluates to a string. To eliminate the need for quotes in most cases, Mason employs some magic parsing: If the first character is one of `[A-Za-z0-9/_.]', comp_path is assumed to be a literal string running up to the first comma or &>. Otherwise, comp_path is evaluated as an expression. Here are some examples: # relative component paths <& topimage &> <& tools/searchbox &> # absolute component path <& /shared/masthead, color=>'salmon' &> # this component path MUST have quotes because it contains a comma <& "sugar,eggs", mix=>1 &> # variable component path <& $comp &> # variable component and arguments <& $comp, %args &> # you can use arbitrary expression for component path, but it cannot # begin with a letter or number; delimit with () to remedy this <& (int(rand(2)) ? 'thiscomp' : 'thatcomp'), id=>123 &> Several request methods also exist for calling components. `$m->comp' performs the equivalent action to <& &>: $m->comp('/shared/masthead', color=>'salmon'); `$m->scomp' is like the sprintf version of `$m->comp': it returns the component output, allowing the caller to examine and modify it before printing: my $masthead = $m->scomp('/shared/masthead', color=>'salmon'); $masthead =~ ...; $m->out($masthead);

Components that compute values
So far you have seen components used solely to output HTML. However, components may also be used to compute a value. For example, you might have a component `is_netscape' that analyzes the user agent to determine whether it is a Netscape browser: <%perl> my $ua = $r->header_in('User-Agent'); return ($ua =~ /Mozilla/i && $ua !~ /MSIE/i) ? 1 : 0; </%perl> Because components are implemented underneath with Perl subroutines, they can return values and even understand scalar/list context. The <& &> notation only calls a component for its side-effect, and discards its return value, if any. To get at the return value of a component, use the `$m->comp' command: % if ($m->comp('is_netscape')) { Welcome, Netscape user! % } Mason adds a `return undef' to the bottom of each component to provide an empty default return value. To return your own value from a component, you must use an explicit `return' statement. You cannot rely on the usual Perl trick of letting return values "fall through". Generally components are divided into two types: those that output HTML, and those that return a value. There is very little reason for a component to do both. For example, it would not be very friendly for `is_netscape' to output "hi Mom" while it was computing its value, thereby surprising the `if' statement! Conversely, any value returned by an HTML component would typically be discarded by the <& &> tag that invoked it. The first component invoked for a page (the "top-level component") resides within the DocumentRoot and is chosen based on the URL. For example: http://www.foo.com/mktg/products?id=372 Apache resolves this URL to a filename, e.g. /usr/local/www/htdocs/mktg/prods.html. Mason loads and executes that file as a component. In effect, Mason calls $m->comp('/mktg/products', id=>372) This component might in turn call other components and execute some Perl code, or it might be nothing more than static HTML.

dhandlers
What happens when a user requests a component that doesn't exist? In this case Mason scans backward through the URI, checking each directory for a component named dhandler ("default handler"). If found, the dhandler is invoked and is expected to use `$m->dhandler_arg' as the parameter to some access function, perhaps a database lookup or location in another filesystem. In a sense, dhandlers are similar in spirit to Perl's AUTOLOAD feature; they are the "component of last resort" when a URL points to a non-existent component. Consider the following URL, in which `newsfeeds/' exists but not the subdirectory `LocalNews' nor the component `Story1': http://myserver/newsfeeds/LocalNews/Story1 In this case Mason constructs the following search path: /newsfeeds/LocalNews/Story1 => no such thing /newsfeeds/LocalNews/dhandler => no such thing /newsfeeds/dhandler => found! (search ends) /dhandler The found dhandler would read "LocalNews/Story1" from `$m->dhandler_arg' and use it as a retrieval key into a database of stories. Here's how a simple /newsfeeds/dhandler might look: <& header &> <b><% $headline %></b><p> <% $body %> <& footer &> <%init> my $arg = $m->dhandler_arg; # get rest of path my ($section,$story) = split("/",$arg); # split out pieces my $sth = $DBH->prepare (qq{SELECT headline,body FROM news WHERE section=? AND story=?); $sth->execute($section,$story); my ($headline,$body) = $sth->fetchrow_array; return 404 if !$headline; # return "not found" if no such story </%init> By default dhandlers do not get a chance to handle requests to a directory itself (e.g. /newsfeeds). These are automatically deferred to Apache, which generates an index page or a FORBIDDEN error. Often this is desirable, but if necessary the administrator can let in directory requests as well; see the Allowing directory requests entry in the Admin manpage. A component or dhandler that does not want to handle a particular request may defer control to the next dhandler by calling `$m->decline'. The administrator can customize the file name used for dhandlers, or turn off dhandlers entirely, with the the dhandler_name entry in the Interp manpage Interp parameter.

autohandlers
Autohandlers allow you to grab control and perform some action just before Mason calls the top-level component. This might mean adding a standard header and footer, applying an output filter, or setting up global variables. Autohandlers are directory based. When Mason determines the top-level component, it checks that directory and all parent directories for a component called "autohandler". If found, the autohandler is called first. After performing its actions, the autohandler typically calls `$m->call_next' to transfer control to the original intended component. `$m->call_next' works just like `$m->comp' except that the component path and arguments are implicit. You can pass additional arguments to `$m->call_next'; these are merged with the original arguments, taking precedence in case of conflict. This allows you, for example, to override arguments passed in the URL. Here is an autohandler that adds a common header and footer to each page underneath its directory: <HTML> <HEAD><TITLE>McHuffy Incorporated</TITLE></HEAD> <BODY BGCOLOR="salmon"> <% $m->call_next %> <HR> Copyright 1999 McHuffy Inc. </BODY> </HTML> Same idea, using components for the header/footer: <& /shared/header &> <% $m->call_next %> <& /shared/footer &> The next autohandler applies a filter to its pages, adding an absolute hostname to relative image URLs: <% $m->call_next %> <%filter> s{(<img\s+src=\")/} {$1http://images.mysite.com/}ig; </%filter> Most of the time autohandler can simply call `$m->call_next' without needing to know what the next component is. However, should you need it, the component object is available from `$m->fetch_next'. This is useful for calling the component manually, e.g. if you want to suppress some original arguments or if you want to use `$m->scomp' to store and process the output. What happens if more than one autohandler applies to a page? Prior to version 0.85, only the most specific autohandler would execute. In 0.85 and beyond each autohandler gets a chance to run. The top-most autohandler runs first; each `$m->call_next' transfers control to the next autohandler and finally to the originally called component. This allows you, for example, to combine general site-wide templates and more specific section-based templates. Autohandlers can be made even more powerful in conjunction with Mason's object-oriented style features: methods, attributes, and inheritance. In the interest of space these are discussed in a separate section, the Object-Oriented Techniques entry in the Devel manpage. The administrator can customize the file name used for autohandlers, or turn off autohandlers entirely, with the the autohandler_name entry in the Interp manpage Interp parameter.

dhandlers vs. autohandlers
dhandlers and autohandlers both provide a way to exert control over a large set of URLs. However, each specializes in a very different application. The key difference is that dhandlers are invoked only when no appropriate component exists, while autohandlers are invoked only in conjunction with a matching component. As a rule of thumb: use an autohandler when you have a set of components to handle your pages and you want to augment them with a template/filter. Use a dhandler when you want to create a set of "virtual URLs" that don't correspond to any actual components, or to provide default behavior for a directory. dhandlers and autohandlers can even be used in the same directory. For example, you might have a mix of real URLs and virtual URLs to which you would like to apply a common template/filter. This section describes Mason's facilities for passing parameters to components (either from HTTP requests or component calls) and for accessing parameter values inside components.

In Component Calls
Any Perl data type can be passed in a component call: <& /sales/header, s=>'dog', l=>[2,3,4], h=>{a=>7,b=>8} &> This command passes a scalar ($s), a list (@l), and a hash (%h). The list and hash must be passed as references, but they will be automatically dereferenced in the called component.

In HTTP requests
Consider a CGI-style URL with a query string: http://www.foo.com/mktg/prods.html?str=dog&lst=2&lst=3&lst=4 or an HTTP request with some POST content. Mason automatically parses the GET/POST values and makes them available to the component as parameters.

Accessing Parameters
Component parameters, whether they come from GET/POST or another component, can be accessed in two ways. 1. Declared named arguments: Components can define an `<%args>' section listing argument names, types, and default values. For example: <%args> $a @b # a comment %c # another comment $d=>5 $e=>$d*2 @f=>('foo','baz') %g=>(joe=>1,bob=>2) </%args> Here, $a, @b, and %c are required arguments; the component generates an error if the caller leaves them unspecified. $d, $e, @f and %g are optional arguments; they are assigned the specified default values if unspecified. All the arguments are available as lexically scoped ("my") variables in the rest of the component. Arguments are separated by one or more newlines. Comments may be used at the end of a line or on their own line. Default expressions are evaluated in top-to-bottom order, and one expression may reference an earlier one (as $e references $d above). Only valid Perl variable names may be used in `<%args>' sections. Parameters with non-valid variable names cannot be pre-declared and must be fetched manually out of the %ARGS hash (see below). One common example of undeclarable parameters are the "button.x/button.y" parameters sent for a form submit. 2. %ARGS hash: This variable, always available, contains all of the parameters passed to the component (whether or not they were declared). It is especially handy for dealing with large numbers of parameters, dynamically named parameters, or parameters with non-valid variable names. %ARGS can be used with or without an `<%args>' section, and its contents are unrelated to what you have declared in `<%args>'. Here's how to pass all of a component's parameters to another component: <& template, %ARGS &>

Parameter Passing Examples
The following examples illustrate the different ways to pass and receive parameters. 1. Passing a scalar id with value 5. In a URL: /my/URL?id=5 In a component call: <& /my/comp, id => 5 &> In the called component, if there is a declared argument named... $id, then $id will equal 5 @id, then @id will equal (5) %id, then an error occurs In addition, $ARGS{id} will equal 5. 2. Passing a list colors with values red, blue, and green. In a URL: /my/URL?colors=red&colors=blue&colors=green In an component call: <& /my/comp, colors => ['red', 'blue', 'green'] &> In the called component, if there is a declared argument named... $colors, then $colors will equal ['red', 'blue', 'green'] @colors, then @colors will equal ('red', 'blue', 'green') %colors, then an error occurs In addition, $ARGS{colors} will equal ['red', 'blue', 'green']. 3. Passing a hash grades with pairs Alice => 92 and Bob => 87. In a URL: /my/URL?grades=Alice&grades=92&grades=Bob&grades=87 In an component call: <& /my/comp, grades => {Alice => 92, Bob => 87} &> In the called component, if there is a declared argument named... $grades, then $grades will equal {Alice => 92, Bob => 87} @grades, then @grades will equal ('Alice', 92, 'Bob', 87) %grades, then %grades will equal (Alice => 92, Bob => 87) In addition, $ARGS{grades} will equal ['Alice',92,'Bob',87] in the URL case, or {Alice => 92, Bob => 87} in the component call case. (The discrepancy exists because, in a query string, there is no detectable difference between a list or hash.)

Using @_ instead
If you don't like named parameters, you can pass a traditional list of ordered parameters: <& /mktg/prods.html', 'dog', [2,3,4], {a=>7,b=>8} &> and access them as usual through Perl's @_ array: my ($scalar, $listref, $hashref) = @_; In this case no `<%args>' section is necessary. We generally recommend named parameters for the benefits of readability, syntax checking, and default value automation. However using @_ may be convenient for very small components, especially subcomponents created with `<%def>'. The following sections contain blocks of Perl to execute at specific times.

<%init>
This section contains initialization code that executes as soon as the component is called. For example: checking that a user is logged in; selecting rows from a database into a list; parsing the contents of a file into a data structure. Technically a <%init> block is equivalent to a <%perl> block at the beginning of the component. However, there is an aesthetic advantage of placing this block at the end of the component rather than the beginning. We've found that the most readable components (especially for non-programmers) contain HTML in one continuous block at the top, with simple substitutions for dynamic elements but no distracting blocks of Perl code. At the bottom an <%init> block sets up the substitution variables. This organization allows non-programmers to work with the HTML without getting distracted or discouraged by Perl code. For example: <html> <head><title><% $headline %></title></head> <body> <h2><% $headline %></h2> By <% $author %>, <% $date %><p> <% $body %> </body></html> <%init> # Fetch article from database my $dbh = DBI::connect ...; my $sth = $dbh->prepare("select * from articles where id = ?"); $sth->execute($article_id); my ($headline,$date,$author,$body) = $sth->fetchrow_array; # Massage the fields $headline = uc($headline); my ($year,$month,$day) = split('-',$date); $date = "$month/$day"; </%init> <%args> $article_id </%args>

<%cleanup>
This section contains cleanup code that executes just before the component exits. For example: closing a database connection or closing a file handle. Technically a <%cleanup> block is equivalent to a <%perl> block at the end of the component. Since a component corresponds a subroutine block, and since Perl is so darned good at cleaning up stuff at the end of blocks, <%cleanup> sections are rarely needed.

<%once>
This code executes once when the component is loaded. Variables declared in this section can be seen in all of a component's code and persist for the lifetime of the component. Useful for declaring persistent component-scoped lexical variables (especially objects that are expensive to create), declaring subroutines (both named and anonymous), and initializing state. This code does not run inside a request context. You cannot call components or access $m from this section. Also, do not attempt to return() from a `<%once>' section; the current parser cannot properly handle it. Normally this code will execute individually from every HTTP child that uses the component. However, if the component is preloaded, this code will only execute once in the parent. Unless you have total control over what components will be preloaded, it is safest to avoid initializing variables that can't survive a fork(), e.g. DBI handles. Use the following trick to initialize such variables in the <%init> section: <%once> my $dbh; # declare but don't assign ... </%once> <%init> if ($m->current_comp->first_time) { $dbh = DBI::connect ... } ... </%init>

<%shared>
As with `<%once>', variables declared in this section can be seen in all of a component's code: the main component, subcomponents, and methods. However, the code runs once per request (whenever the component is used) and its variables last only til the end of the request. Useful for initializing variables needed in, say, the main body and one more subcomponents or methods. See the Object-Oriented Techniques entry in the Devel manpage for an example of usage. Avoid using `<%shared>' for side-effect code that needs to run at a predictable time during page generation. You may assume only that `<%shared>' runs just before the first code that needs it and runs at most once per request. `<%init>' offers more a predictable execution time. Any component with a `<%shared>' section incurs an extra performance penalty, because (as currently implemented) Mason must recreate its anonymous subroutines the first time each new request uses the component. The exact penalty varies between systems and for most applications will be unnoticeable. However, one should avoid using `<%shared>' when patently unnecessary, e.g. when an `<%init>' would work as well. Do not attempt to return() from a `<%shared>' section; the current parser cannot properly handle it.

<%def name>
Each instance of this section creates a subcomponent embedded inside the current component. Inside you may place anything that a regular component contains, with the exception of `<%def>', `<%method>', `<%once>', and `<%shared>' tags. The name consists of characters in the set `[A-Za-z0-9._-]'. To call a subcomponent simply use its name in <& &> or `$m->comp'. A subcomponent can only be seen from the surrounding component. If you define a subcomponent with the same name as a file-based component in the current directory, the subcomponent takes precedence. You would need to use an absolute path to call the file-based component. To avoid this situation and for general clarity, we recommend that you pick a unique way to name all of your subcomponents that is unlikely to interfere with file-based components. The author prefers to start subcomponent names with ".". While inside a subcomponent, you may use absolute or relative paths to call file-based components and also call any of your "sibling" subcomponents. The lexical scope of a subcomponent is separate from the main component. However a subcomponent can declare its own `<%args>' section and have relevant values passed in. You can also use a `<%shared>' section to declare variables visible from both scopes. In the following example, we create a ".link" subcomponent to produce a standardized hyperlink: <%def .link> <font size="4" face="Verdana,Arial,Helvetica"> <a href="http://www.<% $site %>.com"><% $label %></a> </font><br> <%args> $site $label=>ucfirst($site) </%args> </%def> Visit these sites: <ul> <li><& .link, site=>'yahoo' &><br> <li><& .link, site=>'cmp', label=>'CMP Media' &><br> <li><& .link, site=>'excite' &> </ul>

<%method name>
Each instance of this section creates a method embedded inside the current component. Methods resemble subcomponents in terms of naming, contents, and scope. However, while subcomponents can only be seen from the parent component, methods are meant to be called from other components. There are two ways to call a method. First, via a path of the form "comp:method": <& /foo/bar:method1 &> $m->comp('/foo/bar:method1'); Second, via the call_method component method: my $comp = $m->fetch_comp('/foo/bar'); ... $comp->call_method('method1'); Methods are commonly used in conjunction with autohandlers to make templates more flexible. See the Object-Oriented Techniques entry in the Devel manpage for more information. The <%flags> and <%attr> sections consist of key/value pairs, one per line, joined by '=>'. The key and value in each pair must be valid Perl hash keys and values respectively. An optional comment may follow each line.

<%flags>
Use this section to set official Mason flags that affect the current component's behavior. Currently there is only one flag, <tt>inherit</tt>, which specifies the component's <i>parent</i> in the form of a relative or absolute component path. A component inherits methods and attributes from its parent; see the Object-Oriented Techniques entry in the Devel manpage for examples. <%flags> inherit=>'/site_handler' </%flags>

<%attr>
Use this section to assign static key/value attributes that can be queried from other components. <%attr> color=>'blue' fonts=>[qw(arial geneva helvetica)] </%attr> To query an attribute of a component, use the `attr' method: my $color = $comp->attr('color') where $comp is a component object. Mason evaluates attribute values once when loading the component. This makes them faster but less flexible than methods. This section describes several ways to apply filtering functions over the results of the current component. By separating out and hiding a filter that, say, changes HTML in a complex way, we allow non-programmers to work in a cleaner HTML environment.

&lt;%filter&gt; section
The `<%filter>' section allows you to arbitrarily filter the output of the current component. Upon entry to this code, $_ contains the component output, and you are expected to modify it in place. The code has access to component arguments and can invoke subroutines, call other components, etc. This simple filter converts the component output to UPPERCASE: <%filter> tr/a-z/A-Z/ </%filter> The following navigation bar uses a filter to "unlink" and highlight the item corresponding to the current page: <a href="/">Home</a> | <a href="/products/">Products</a> | <a href="/bg.html">Background</a> | <a href="/finance/">Financials</a> | <a href="/support/">Tech Support</a> | <a href="/contact.html">Contact Us</a> <%filter> my $uri = $r->uri; s{<a href="$uri/?">(.*?)</a>} {<b>$1</b>}i; </%filter> This allows a designer to code such a navigation bar intuitively without `if' statements surrounding each link! Note that the regular expression need not be very robust as long as you have control over what will appear in the body.

$m->call_self command
This command allows you to filter both the output and the return value of the current component. It is fairly advanced; for most purposes the `<%filter>' tag above will be sufficient and simpler. `$m->call_self' takes two arguments. The first is a scalar reference and will be populated with the component output. The second is either a scalar or list reference and will be populated with the component return value; the type of reference determines whether the component will be called in scalar or list context. Both of these arguments are optional; you may pass undef if you don't care about one of them. `$m->call_self' acts like a fork() in the sense that it will return twice with different values. When it returns 0, you allow control to pass through to the rest of your component. When it returns 1, that means the component has finished and you can begin filtering the output and/or return value. (Don't worry, it doesn't really do a fork! See next section for explanation.) The following examples would generally appear at the top of a `<%init>' section. Here is a no-op `$m->call_self' that leaves the output and return value untouched: if ($m->call_self(my \$output, my \$retval)) { # assumes Perl 5.005 or greater $m->out($output); return $retval; } Here is a simple output filter that makes the output all uppercase, just like the `<%filter>' example above. Note that we ignore both the original and the final return value. if ($m->call_self(my \$output, undef)) { $m->out(uc($output)); return; } `$m->call_self' can even convert output to a return value or vice versa. In the next component we provide a nice friendly format for non-programmers to represent data with, and use a filter to construct and return a corresponding Perl data structure from it: # id lastname firstname 59286 Sherman Karen 31776 Dawson Robert 29482 Lee Brenda ... <%init> if ($m->call_self(my \$output, undef)) { foreach (split("\n",$output)) { next if /^#/ || !/\S/; my @vals = split(/\s+/); push(@people,{id=>$vals[0],last=>$vals[1],first=>$vals[2]}); } return @people; } </%init> Now we can get a list of hashes directly from this component.

How filtering works
`$m->call_self' (and `<%filter>', which is built on it) uses a bit of magic to accomplish everything in one line. If you're curious, here's how it works: o A component foo calls `$m->call_self' for the first time. o `$m->call_self' sets an internal flag and calls foo again recursively, changing the output stream to capture content into a buffer. o foo again calls `$m->call_self' which, seeing the flag, returns 0 immediately. o foo goes about its business and generates content into the `$m->call_self' buffer. o When control is returned to `$m->call_self', it places the content and return value in the references provided, and returns 1.

<%doc>
Text in this section is treated as a comment and ignored. Most useful for a component's main documentation. One can easily write a program to sift through a set of components and pull out their <%doc> blocks to form a reference page. Can also be used for in-line comments, though it is an admittedly cumbersome comment marker. Another option is '%#': %# this is a comment These comments differ from HTML comments in that they do not appear in the HTML.

<%text>
Text in this section is passed through unmodified by Mason. Any Mason syntax inside it is ignored. Useful, for example, when documenting Mason itself from a component: <%text> % This is an example of a Perl line. <% This is an example of an expression block. %> </%text> This works for almost everything, but doesn't let you output </%text> itself! When all else fails, use `$m->out': %$m->out('The tags are <%text> and </%text>.');

Escaping expressions
Mason has facilities for escaping the output from <% %> tags, on either a site-wide or a per-expression basis. Any <% %> expression may be terminated by a '|' and one or more single-letter escape flags (plus arbitrary whitespace): <% $file_data |h %> The current valid flags are h - escape for HTML ('<' => '&lt;', etc.) u - escape for URL query string (':' => '%3A', etc.) - all but [a-zA-Z0-9_.-] n - turn off default escape flags The administrator may specify a set of default escape flags via the the default_escape_flags entry in the Parser manpage Parser parameter. For example, if the administrator specifies default_escape_flags=>'h' then all <% %> expressions will automatically be HTML-escaped. In this case you would use the `n' flag to turn off HTML-escaping for a specific expression: <% $html_block |n %> Future Mason versions will allow user-defined and multi-letter escape flags.

Backslash at end of line
A backslash (\) at the end of a line suppresses the newline. In HTML components, this is mostly useful for fixed width areas like <PRE> tags, since browsers ignore white space for the most part. An example: <PRE> foo % if (1) { bar % } baz </PRE> outputs foo bar baz because of the newlines on lines 2 and 4. (Lines 3 and 5 do not generate a newline because the entire line is taken by Perl.) To suppress the newlines: <PRE> foo\ % if (1) { bar\ % } baz </PRE> which prints foobarbaz Mason's `$m->cache' and `$m->cache_self' methods let components save and retrieve the results of computation for improved performance. Anything may be cached, from a block of HTML to a complex data structure. Each component gets a private data cache. Except under special circumstances, one component does not access another component's cache. Each cached value may be set to expire under certain conditions or at a certain time. To use data caching, your Mason installation must be configured with a good DBM package like Berkeley DB (DB_File) or GDBM. See the HTML::Mason::Admin manpage for more information.

Basic Usage
Here's the typical usage of `$m->cache': my $result = $m->cache(action=>'retrieve'); if (!defined($result)) { ... compute $result> ... $m->cache(action=>'store', value=>$result); } The first `$m->cache' call attempts to retrieve this component's cache value. If the value is available it is placed in `$result'. If the value is not available, `$result' is computed and stored in the cache by the second `$m->cache' call. The default action for `$m->cache' is 'retrieve', so the first line can be written as my $result = $m->cache;

Multiple Keys/Values
A cache file can store multiple keys and values. A value can be a scalar, list reference, or hash reference: $m->cache(action=>'store',key=>'name',value=>$name); $m->cache(action=>'store',key=>'friends',value=>\@lst); $m->cache(action=>'store',key=>'map',value=>\%hsh); The key defaults to 'main' when unspecified, as in the first example above. Mason uses the MLDBM package to store and retrieve from its cache files, meaning that Mason can cache arbitrarily deep data structures composed of lists, hashes, and simple scalars.

Expiration
Typical cache items have a useful lifetime after which they must expire. Mason supports three types of expiration: (e.g. the item expires in an hour, or at midnight). To expire an item by time, pass one of these options to the 'store' action. expire_at: takes an absolute expiration time, in Perl time() format (number of seconds since the epoch) expire_in: takes a relative expiration time of the form "<num><unit>", where <num> is a positive number and <unit> is one of seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, or any reasonable abbreviation thereof (m=month, min=minute). E.g. "10min", "1hour". expire_next: takes a string, either 'hour' or 'day'. It indicates an expiration time at the top of the next hour or day. Examples: $m->cache(action=>'store', expire_in=>'2 hours'); $m->cache(action=>'store', expire_next=>'hour'); (e.g. the item expires if a certain file or database table changes). To expire an item based on events rather than current time, pass the 'expire_if' option to the 'retrieve' action. expire_if: calls a given anonymous subroutine and expires if the subroutine returns a non-zero value. The subroutine is called with one parameter, the time when the cache value was last written. Example: # expire the cache if 'myfile' is newer $m->cache(action => 'retrieve', expire_if => sub { (stat 'myfile')[9] > shift }); (e.g. a shell command or web interface is responsible for explicitly expiring the item) To expire an item from a Perl script, for any component, use access_data_cache. It takes the same arguments as `$m->cache' plus one additional argument, cache_file. See the administration manual for details on where cache files are stored and how they are named. use HTML::Mason::Utils 'access_data_cache'; access_data_cache (cache_file=>'/usr/local/mason/cache/foo+2fbar', action=>'expire' [, key=>'fookey']); The 'expire' action can also take multiple keys (as a list reference); this can be used in conjunction with the 'keys' action to expire all keys matching a particular pattern. use HTML::Mason::Utils 'access_data_cache'; my @keys = access_data_cache (cache_file=>'/usr/local/mason/cache/foo+2fbar', action=>'keys'); access_data_cache (cache_file=>'/usr/local/mason/cache/foo+2fbar', action=>'expire', key=>[grep(/^sales/,@keys)]);

Busy Locks
The code shown in "Basic Usage" above, my $result = $m->cache(action=>'retrieve'); if (!defined($result)) { ... compute $result ... $m->cache(action=>'store', value=>$result); } can suffer from a kind of race condition for caches that are accessed frequently and take a long time to recompute. Suppose that a particular cache value is accessed five times a second and takes three seconds to recompute. When the cache expires, the first process comes in, sees that it is expired, and starts to recompute the value. The second process comes in and does the same thing. This sequence continues until the first process finishes and stores the new value. On average, the value will be recomputed and written to the cache 15 times! The solution here is to have the first process notify the others that it has started recomputing. This can be accomplished with the busy_lock flag: my $result = $m->cache(action=>'retrieve',busy_lock=>'10sec',...); With this flag, the first process sets a lock in the cache that effectively says "I'm busy recomputing his value, don't bother." Subsequent processes see the lock and return the old value. The lock is good for 10 seconds (in this case) and is ignored after that. Thus the time value you pass to busy_lock indicates how long you're willing to allow this component to use an expired cache value. Would some of your caches benefit from busy locks? One way to find out is to turn on cache logging in the Mason system logs. If you see large clusters of writes to the same cache in a short time span, then you might want to use busy locks when writing to that cache.

Keeping In Memory
The keep_in_memory flag indicates that the cache value should be kept in memory after it is stored or retrieved. Since every child process will store its own copy, this flag should be used only for small, frequently retrieved cache values. If used, this flag should be passed to both the store and retrieve commands.

Caching All Output
Occasionally you will need to cache the complete output of a component. One way to accomplish this is to replace the component with a placeholder that simply calls the component, then caches and prints the result. For example, if the component were named "foo", we might rename it to "foo_main" and put this component in its place: <% $foo_out %> <%init> my $foo_out; if (!defined ($foo_out = $m->cache)) { $m->comp('foo_main', STORE=>\$foo_out); $m->cache(action=>'store', expire_in=>'3 hours', value=>$foo_out); } </%init> This works, but is cumbersome. Mason offers a better shortcut: the `$m->cache_self' command that lets a component cache it's own output and eliminates the need for a dummy component. It is typically used right at the top of a `<%init%>' section: <%init> return if $m->cache_self(expire_in=>'3 hours'[, key=>'fookey']); ... <rest of init> ... </%init> `$m->cache_self' is built on top of `$m->cache', so it inherits all the expiration options described earlier. `$m->cache_self' can also cache a component's return value; see the reference for details.

Guarantees (or lack thereof)
Mason will make a best effort to cache data until it expires, but will not guarantee it. The data cache is not a permanent reliable store in itself; you should not place in the cache critical data (e.g. user session information) that cannot be regenerated from another source such as a database. You should write your code as if the cache might disappear at any time. In particular, o If the 'store' action cannot get a write lock on the cache, it simply fails quietly. o If the 'retrieve' action cannot get a shared lock on the cache, it simply fails quietly. (This is much more rare.) o Your Mason administrator will be required to remove cache files periodically when they get too large; this can happen any time. On the other hand, expiration in its various forms is guaranteed, because Mason does not want you to rely on bad data to generate your content. If you use the 'expire' action and Mason cannot get a write lock, it will repeat the attempt several times and finally die with an error. Mason automatically sends HTTP headers via $r->send_http_header. It tries to delay sending headers till the last possible moment, to give components a chance to affect headers (using $r->header_out, $r->content_type, etc.) It won't send headers if they've already been sent manually. To determine the exact header behavior on your system, you need to know whether your server's `out_mode' is 'batch' (meaning all output is buffered until the end) or 'stream' (all output is sent immediately). Your administrator should have this information. If your administrator doesn't know then it is probably 'batch', the default. In batch mode the header situation is extremely simple: Mason waits until the very end of the request to send headers. Any component can modify or augment the headers. In stream mode the header situation is more complex. Mason will send headers just before sending the first non-whitespace output. Any initial whitespace output is buffered up until after headers are sent. This means that if you want to affect the headers in stream mode, you must do so before any component sends non-whitespace output. Generally this takes place in an `<%init>' section. For example, the following top-level component calls another component to see whether the user has a cookie; if not, it inserts a new cookie into the header. <%init> my $cookie = $m->comp('/shared/get_user_cookie'); if (!$cookie) { $cookie = new CGI::Cookie (...); $r->headers_out->add('Set-cookie' => $cookie); } ... </%init> In batch mode this code will always work. In stream mode this code will work as long as get_user_cookie doesn't output anything besides whitespace (and given its functional nature, it shouldn't). The administrator can turn off automatic header sending via the the auto_send_headers entry in the ApacheHandler manpage ApacheHandler parameter. Note to pre-0.8 users: the mc_suppress_http_header command is no longer needed. For backwards compatibility, mc_suppress_http_header is still defined but does nothing. (Rationale: By the nature of HTTP headers mc_suppress_http_header was only useful up until the first bytes of content were sent. Since Mason now waits that long to send headers anyway, there is never any justification for suppressing headers.) The Perl debugger is an indispensable tool for identifying and fixing bugs in Perl programs. Unfortunately, in a mod_perl environment one is normally unable to use the debugger since programs are run from a browser. Mason removes this limitation by optionally creating a debug file for each page request, allowing the request to be replayed from the command line or Perl debugger. Note: in early 1999 a new module, Apache::DB, was released that makes it substantially easier to use the Perl debugger directly in conjunction with a real Apache server. Since this mechanism is still new, we continue to support Mason debug files, and there may be reasons to prefer Mason's method (e.g. no need to start another Apache server). However we acknowledge that Apache::DB may eventually eliminate the need for debug files. For now we encourage you to try both methods and see which one works best.

Using debug files
Here is a typical sequence for debugging a Mason page: When Mason is running in debug mode, requests generate "debug files", cycling through filenames "1" through "20". To find a request's debug file, simply do a "View Source" in your browser after the request and look for a comment like this at the very top: <!-- Debug file is '3'. Full debug path is '/usr/local/mason/debug/anon/3'. --> Debug files basically contain two things: a copy of the entire HTTP request (serialized with Data::Dumper), and all the plumbing needed to route that request through Mason. In other words, if you simply run the debug file like this: perl /usr/local/mason/debug/anon/3 you should see the HTTP headers and content that the component would normally send to the browser. Now you merely add a `-d' option to run the debug file in Perl's debugger -- at which point you have to deal the problem of anonymous subroutines. Mason compiles components down to anonymous subroutines which are not easily breakpoint'able (Perl prefers line numbers or named subroutines). Therefore, immediately before each component call, Mason calls a nonce subroutine called `debug_hook' just so you can breakpoint it like this: b HTML::Mason::Request::debug_hook debug_hook is called with the component name as the second parameter so that you can also breakpoint specific components using a conditional on $_[1]: b HTML::Mason::Request::debug_hook $_[1] =~ /component name/ You can avoid all that typing by adding the following to your ~/.perldb file: # Perl debugger aliases for Mason $DB::alias{mb} = 's/^mb\b/b HTML::Mason::Request::debug_hook/'; which reduces the previous examples to just: mb mb $_[1] =~ /component name/ The use of debug files opens lots of other debugging options. For instance, you can read a debug file into the Emacs editor, with its nifty interface to Perl's debugger. This allows you to set break points visually or (in trace mode) watch a cursor bounce through your code in single-step or continue mode.

Specifying when to create debug files
Details about configuring debug mode can be found in the HTML::Mason::Admin manpage. In particular, the administrator must decide which of three debugging modes to activate: never (no debug files) always (create debug files for each request) error (only generate a debug file when an error occurs)

How debug files work
To create a debug file, Mason calls almost every one of the mod_perl API methods (`$r->xxx'), trapping its result in a hash. That hash is then serialized by Data::Dumper and output into a new debug file along with some surrounding code. When the debug file is executed, a new object is created of the class "HTML::Mason::FakeApache", passing the saved hash as initialization. The FakeApache object acts as a fake `$r', responding to each method by getting or setting data in its hash. For most purposes it is indistinguishable from the original `$r' except that print methods go to standard output. The debug file then executes your `handler()' function with the simulated `$r'.

When debug files don't work
The vast majority of mod_perl API methods are simple get/set functions (e.g. `$r->uri', `$r->content_type') which are easy to simulate. Many pages only make use of these methods and can be successfully simulated in debug mode. However, a few methods perform tasks requiring the presence of a true Apache server. These cannot be properly simulated. Some, such as `log_error' and `send_cgi_header', are generally tangential to the debugging effort; for these Mason simply returns without doing anything and hopes for the best. Others, such as `internal_redirect' and `lookup_uri', perform such integral functions that they cannot be ignored, and for these FakeApache aborts with an error. This category includes any method call expected to return an Apache::Table object. In addition, FakeApache is playing something of a catch-up game: every time a new mod_perl release comes out with new API methods, those methods will not be recognized by FakeApache until it is updated in the next Mason release. The combination of these problems and the existence of the new Apache::DB package may eventually lead us to stop further work on FakeApache/debug files. For now, though, we'll continue to support them as best we can. Debug files, mentioned in the previous section, can be used in conjunction with Devel::DProf to profile a web request. To use profiling, pass the `-p' flag to the debug file: % ./3 -p This executes the debug file under Devel::DProf and, for convenience, runs dprofpp. If you wish you can rerun dprofpp with your choice of options. Because components are implemented as anonymous subroutines, any time spent in components would normally be reported under an unreadable label like CODE(0xb6cbc). To remedy this, the `-p' flag automatically adjusts the tmon.out file so that components are reported by their component paths. Much of the time spent in a typical debug file is initialization, such as loading Mason and other Perl modules. The effects of initialization can swamp profile results and obscure the time actually spent in components. One remedy is to run multiple iterations of the request inside the debug file, thus reducing the influence of initialization time. Pass the number of desired iterations via the `-r' flag: % ./3 -p -r20 Currently there are no special provisions for other profiling modules such as Devel::SmallProf. You can try simply: % perl -d:SmallProf ./3 -r20 However, this crashes on our Unix system -- apparently some bad interaction between Mason and SmallProf -- so it is unsupported for now. Mason comes with a web-based debugging utility that lets you test your components by throwing fake requests at them. Adjustable parameters include: UserAgent, Time, HTTP Referer, O/S and so on. For example, imagine a component whose color scheme is supposed to change each morning, noon, and night. Using the Previewer, it would be simple to set the perceived time forward 1,5 or 8 hours to test the component at various times of day. The Previewer also provides a debug trace of a page, showing all components being called and indicating the portion of HTML each component is responsible for. For pages constructed from more than a few components, these traces are quite useful for finding the component that is outputting a particular piece of HTML. Your administrator will give you the main Previewer URL, and a set of preview ports that you will use to view your site under various conditions. For the purpose of this discussion we'll assume the Previewer is up and working, that the Previewer URL is http://www.yoursite.com/preview, and the preview ports are 3001 to 3005. Take a look at the main Previewer page. The top part contains the most frequently used options, such as time and display mode. The middle part contains a table of your saved configurations; if this is your first time using the Previewer, it will be empty. The bottom part contains less frequently used options, such as setting the user agent and referer. Try clicking "Save". This will save the displayed settings under the chosen preview port, say 3001, and redraw the page. Under "Saved Port Settings", you should see a single row showing this configuration. Your configurations are saved permanently in a file. If a username/password is required to access the Previewer, then each user has his/her own configuration file. The "View" button should display your site's home page. If not, then the Previewer may not be set up correctly; contact your administrator or see the Administrator's Guide. Go back to the main Previewer page, change the display mode from "HTML" to "debug", change the preview port to 3002, and click "Save" again. You should now see a second saved configuration. Click "View". This time instead of seeing the home page as HTML, you'll get a debug trace with several sections. The first section shows a numbered hierarchy of components used to generate this page. The second section is the HTML source, with each line annotated on the left with the number of the component that generated it. Try clicking on the numbers in the first section; this brings you to the place in the second section where that component first appears. If there's a particular piece of HTML you want to change on a page, searching in the annotated source will let you quickly determine which component is responsible. The final section of the debug page shows input and output HTTP headers. Note that some of these are simulated due to your Previewer settings. For example, if you specified a particular user agent in your Previewer configuration, then the User-Agent header is simulated; otherwise it reflects your actual browser. Earlier you learned how to assign a common template to an entire hierarchy of pages using `autohandlers'. The basic template looks like: header HTML <% $m->call_next %> footer HTML However, sometimes you'll want a more flexible template that adjusts to the requested page. You might want to allow each page or subsection to specify a title, background color, or logo image while leaving the rest of the template intact. You might want some pages or subsections to use a different template, or to ignore templates entirely. These issues can be addressed with the object-oriented style primitives introduced in Mason 0.85. Note: we use the term object-oriented loosely. Mason borrows concepts like inheritance, methods, and attributes from object methodology but implements them in a shallow way to solve a particular set of problems. Future redesigns may incorporate a deeper object architecture if the current prototype proves successful.

Determining inheritance
Every component may have a single parent. The default parent is a component named `autohandler' in the closest parent directory. This rule applies to autohandlers too: an autohandler may not have itself as a parent but may have an autohandler further up the tree as its parent. You can use the `inherit' flag to override a component's parent: <%flags> inherit=>'/foo/bar' </%flags> If you specify undef as the parent, then the component inherits from no one. This is how to suppress templates. Currently there is no way to specify a parent dynamically at run-time, or to specify multiple parents.

Content wrapping
At page execution time, Mason builds a chain of components from the called component, its parent, its parent's parent, and so on. Execution begins with the top-most component; calling `$m->call_next' passes control to the next component in the chain. This is the familiar autohandler "wrapping" behavior, generalized for any number of arbitrarily named templates.

Accessing methods and attributes
A template can access methods and/or attributes of the requested page. First, use `$m->base_comp' to get a handle on the appropriate component: my $self = $m->base_comp; $self now refers to the component corresponding to the requested page (the component at the end of the chain). To access a method for the page, use `call_method': $self->call_method('header'); or alternatively a path of the form 'SELF:method': <& SELF:header &> $m->comp('SELF:header') In the context of a component path, SELF is shorthand for `$m->base_comp'. Each of the above looks for a method named 'header' in the page component. If no such method exists, the chain of parents is searched upwards, until ultimately a "method not found" error occurs. Use 'method_exists' to avoid this error for questionable method calls: if ($self->method_exists('header')) { ... To defer to the method of your parent, use `parent': $m->current_comp->parent->call_method('header') or alternatively a path of the form 'PARENT:method': <& PARENT:header &> $m->comp('PARENT:header') In the context of a component path, PARENT is shorthand for `$m->current_comp->parent'. The rules for attributes are similar. To access an attribute for the page, use `attr': my $color = $self->attr('color') This looks for an attribute named 'color' in the $self component. If no such attribute exists, the chain of parents is searched upwards, until ultimately an "attribute not found" error occurs. Use 'attr_exists' to avoid this error for questionable attributes: if ($self->attr_exists('color')) { ...

Sharing data
A component's main body and its methods occupy separate lexical scopes. Variables declared, say, in the `<%init>' section of the main component cannot be seen from methods. To share variables, declare them either in the `<%once>' or `<%shared>' section. Both sections have an all-inclusive scope. The `<%once>' section runs once when the component loads; its variables are persistent for the lifetime of the component. The `<%shared>' section runs once per request (when needed), just before any code in the component runs; its variables last only til the end of the request. In the following example, various sections of code require information about the logged-in user. We use a `<%shared>' section to fetch these in a single request. <%attr> title=>sub { "Account for $full_name" } </%attr> <%method lefttoc> <i><% $full_name %></i> (<a href="logout.html">Log out</a>)<br> ... </%method> Welcome, <% $fname %>. Here are your options: <%shared> my $dbh = DBI::connect ...; my $user = $r->connection->user; my $sth = $dbh->prepare("select lname,fname, from users where user_id = ?"); $sth->execute($user); my ($lname,$fname) = $sth->fetchrow_array; my $full_name = "$first $last"; </%shared> `<%shared>' presents a good alternative to `<%init>' when data is needed across multiple scopes. Outside these situations, `<%init>' is preferred for its slightly greater speed and predictable execution model.

Example
Let's say we have three components: /autohandler /products/autohandler /products/index.html and that a request comes in for /products/index.html. /autohandler contains a general template for the site, referring to a number of standard methods and attributes for each page: <head> <title><& SELF:title &></title> </head> <body bgcolor="<% $self->attr('bgcolor') %>"> <& SELF:header &> <table><tr><td> <% $m->call_next %> </td></tr></table> <& SELF:footer &> </body> <%init> my $self = $m->base_comp; ... </%init> <%attr> bgcolor=>'white' </%attr> <%method title> McGuffey Inc. </%method> <%method header> <h2><& SELF:title &></h2><p> </%method> <%method footer> </%method> Notice how we provide defaults for each method and attribute, even if blank. /products/autohandler overrides some attributes and methods for the /products section of the site. <%attr> bgcolor=>'beige' </%attr> <%method title> McGuffey Inc.: Products </%method> <% $m->call_next %> Note that this component, though it only defines attributes and methods, must call `$m->call_next' if it wants the rest of the chain to run. /products/index.html might override a few attributes, but mainly provides a primary section for the body. Most Mason servers operate in "batch" mode, which means that output is stored in a Mason buffer until the end of the request. Output sent via print and $r->print, however, skips the Mason buffer and goes directly to the client. This will result in output being printed out of order. Always use `$m->out' instead of print/$r->print; it does the right thing with regards to Mason buffering. Mason calls `$r->content' itself to read request input, emptying the input buffer and leaving a trap for the unwary: subsequent calls to `$r->content' hang the server. This is a mod_perl "feature" that may be fixed in an upcoming release. For the same reason you should not create a CGI object like my $query = new CGI; when handling a POST; the CGI module will try to reread request input and hang. Instead, create an empty object: my $query = new CGI (""); such an object can still be used for all of CGI's useful HTML output functions. Or, if you really want to use CGI's input functions, initialize the object from %ARGS: my $query = new CGI (\%ARGS); Jonathan Swartz, swartz@pobox.com the HTML::Mason manpage, the HTML::Mason::Request manpage