
                             Pine Technical Notes
                                       
   Version 3.96, February 1997
   
   Pine and Pico are trademarks of the University of Washington.
   Copyright © 1989-1997 by the University of Washington. For information
   on copying, modifying or distributing documents from the Pine
   Information Center, see the Legal Notices.
   
Table of Contents

  Introduction
  
     * Design Goals
     * Pine Components
       
  Background Details
  
     * Domain Names
     * RFC 822 Compliance
     * SMTP and Sendmail
     * Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
     * Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
     * Folder Collections
       
  Building and Installation
  
     * UNIX Pine Compile-time Options
     * Pico Compile-time Options
     * IMAPd Compile-time Options
     * Building the Pine Programs
     * Installing Pine and Pico on UNIX Platforms
     * Installing PC-Pine
     * Installing IMAPd
     * Support Files and Environment Variables: UNIX Pine
     * Support Files and Environment Variables: PC-Pine
       
  Command Line Arguments
  
     * Pine
     * Pico
     * Pilot
       
  Configuration and Preferences
  
     * Pine Configuration
     * General Configuration Variables
     * Retired Variables
       
    Configuration Notes
          + Pine in Function Key Mode
          + Domain Settings
          + Syntax for Collections
          + Syntax for Remote Folders
          + Sorting a Folder
          + Alternate Editor
          + Signatures and Signature Placement
          + Feature List Variable
          + Additional Notes on PC-Pine
       
  Behind the Scenes
  
     * Address Books
     * Checkpointing
     * Debug Files
     * Filters
     * Folder Formats and Name Extensions
     * Folder Locking
     * INBOX and Special Folders
     * Internal Help Files
     * International Character Sets
     * Interrupted and Postponed Messages
     * Message Status
     * MIME: Reading a Message
     * MIME: Sending a Message
     * New Mail Notification
     * NFS
     * Printers and Printing
     * Save and Export
     * Sent Mail
     * Spell Checker
     * Terminal Emulation and Key Mapping
       
  Notes for Porting and Modification
  
     * Porting Pine to Other Platforms
     * Test Checklist

                                 Introduction
                                       
Design Goals

   Throughout Pine development, we have had to strike a balance between
   the need to include features which advanced users require and the need
   to keep things simple for beginning users. To strike this balance, we
   have tried to adhere to these design principles:
   
   
          - The underlying model presented to the user has to be simple
          and clear. Underlying system operation is hidden as much as
          possible.
   
          - It's better to have a few easily understood commands that can
          be repeated than to have some more sophisticated command that
          will do the job all at once.
   
          - Whenever the user has to select a command, file name,
          address, etc., the user should be given (or can get) a menu
          from which to make the selection. Menus need to be complete,
          small, organized and well thought out.
   
          - Pine must provide immediate feedback for the user with each
          operation.
   
          - Pine must be very tolerant of user errors. Any time a user is
          about to perform an irreversible act (send a message, expunge
          messages from a folder), Pine should ask for confirmation.
   
          - Users should be able to learn by exploration without fear of
          doing anything wrong. This is an important feature so the user
          can get started quickly without reading any manuals and so
          fewer manuals are required.
   
          - The core set of Pine functions should be kept to a minimum so
          new users don't feel "lost" in seemingly extraneous commands
          and concepts.
          
   Just as there were goals relating to the look and feel of Pine, there
   were equally important goals having to do with Pine's structure-the
   things that users never see but still rely on every time they use
   Pine. While Pine can be used as a stand-alone mail user agent, one of
   its strongest assets is its use of the Internet Message Access
   Protocol (IMAP) for accessing remote email folders. In addition, Pine
   was one of the first programs to support the Multipurpose Internet
   Mail Extensions (MIME) specification. With MIME, Pine users can
   reliably send any binary file to any other person on the Internet who
   uses a MIME compliant email program.
   
   The decision to use IMAP and MIME reflect the importance of
   interoperability, standardization and robustness in Pine. As you work
   with Pine more, you will see other features which reflect the same
   values. For example, Pine enforces strict compliance with RFC 822,
   implements a strong mail folder locking mechanism and verifies a
   process before overwriting any files (e.g. addressbook, expunging
   messages).
   
Pine Components

   If you have picked up the Pine distribution, then you already know
   that Pine comes in a few different pieces. They are:
   
   Pine
          This main code from which the Pine program is compiled.
   Pico
          Pico is the name for the Pine composer. The Pico code is used
          in two ways: (1) it is compiled on its own to be a stand-alone
          editor or (2) compiled as a library for Pine to support
          composition of messages within Pine. Pico is Pine's internal
          editor invoked when users need to fill in header lines or type
          the text of an email message.
   Imap
          An API for IMAP. Includes the C-Client library, which is
          compiled into Pine, and the IMAP server IMAPd. C-Client
          implements the IMAP protocol and also negotiates all access
          between Pine and the mail folders it operates on. The C-Client
          routines are used for email folder parsing and interpreting
          MIME messages. IMAPd is a separate server that handles IMAP
          connections from any IMAP-compliant email program. When Pine
          accesses a remote mailbox, the Pine program is the IMAP client
          and the IMAPd program is the IMAP server.

                              Background Details
                                       
Domain Names

   
   Domain names are used to uniquely name each host on the Internet. A
   domain name has a number of parts separated by periods. Each label
   represents a level in the hierarchy. An example of a name is:
   
     olive.cac.washington.edu
     
   In this domain name the top-level label is edu, indicating it is at an
   educational institution, the second-level label is washington,
   indicating the University of Washington. cac is a specific department
   within the University of Washington, and olive is the host name. The
   top-level names are assigned by Internet organizations, and other
   names are assigned at the appropriate level. The Domain Name Service,
   DNS, is the distributed database used to look up these names.
   
   Pine relies on domain names in multiple places. A domain name is
   embedded into the message-id line generated for each piece of email. A
   domain name is needed to contact an IMAP server to get access to
   remote INBOXes and folders. Most importantly, domain names are needed
   to construct the From: line of your outgoing messages so that people
   on the Internet will be able to get email back to you.
   
   On UNIX systems, you can set the domain via the user-domain variable
   in the Pine configuration file, or rely on the file /etc/hosts which
   usually sets the name of the local host. While Pine can often deliver
   email without the domain name being properly configured, it is best to
   have this set right. Problems can usually be solved by adjusting the
   system's entry in the /etc/hosts file. The fully-qualified name should
   be listed before any abbreviations.
   
     128.95.112.99 olive.cac.washington.edu olive
     
   is preferred over
   
     128.95.112.99 olive olive.cac.washington.edu
     
   On PCs, the task of configuring the domain name is a bit different.
   Often times, PCs do not have domain names-they have IP addresses. IP
   addresses are the numbers which uniquely identify a computer on the
   network. The way you configure your IP address depends on the
   networking software which you use on the PC. You can refer to the
   documentation which came with your networking software or see the PC
   specific installation notes for help configuring the IP address with
   your network software.
   
   With PCs, it is vital that users set the variable user-domain in the
   Pine configuration file (PINERC).
   
   Details on configuring Pine with correct domain names can be found in
   the Domain Settings section of this document.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
RFC 822 Compliance

   Pine tries to adhere to RFC 822 a little more strongly than some other
   mailers and uses the "full name <address>" format rather than the
   older "address (full name)" format. The intent of the standard is that
   parentheses should only be for comments. Pine displays and generates
   the newer format, but will parse the old format and attempt to turn it
   into the new one.
   
   As far as outgoing email is concerned, Pine fully-qualifies addresses
   whenever possible. They are even displayed in fully-qualified form on
   the terminal as the user composes a message. This makes addresses more
   clear and gives a hint to the user that the network extends beyond the
   local organization. Pine implements fully-qualified domain names by
   tacking on the local domain to all unqualified addresses which a user
   types in. Any address which does not contain a "@" is considered
   unqualified.
   
   The newer format for addresses allow for spaces and special characters
   in the full name of an address. For this reason, commas are required
   to separate addresses. If any special characters as defined in RFC 822
   appear in the full name, quotes are required around the address. Pine
   will insert the quotes automatically. The common cases where this
   happens are with periods after initials and parentheses.
   
   Because Pine fully complies with RFC 822, it is sometimes difficult to
   use non-Internet address formats such as UUCP's host!user or DECNet's
   USER::HOST with Pine. People who run Pine on these systems have made
   local modifications to Pine or to the mail transport agent (e.g.
   sendmail) to make things work for them.
   
   Pine expects dates to be in the standard RFC 822 format which is
   something like:

        [www, ] dd mmm yy hh:mm[:ss] [timezone]

   It will attempt to parse dates that are not in this format. When an
   unparsable date is encountered it is displayed as xxx xx when shown in
   the FOLDER INDEX screen.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
SMTP and Sendmail

   Pine is a user agent not a message transfer agent. In plain English,
   that means Pine does not know how to interact with other computers on
   the Internet to deliver or receive email. What Pine does know how to
   do is help users read, organize and create email. The "dirty work" of
   delivering and accepting email is handled by other programs.
   
   All outgoing email is delivered to a mail transfer program or to an
   SMTP server. The most common mail transfer program is sendmail.
   
   Pine 3.91 and earlier:
          When Pine on a UNIX computer uses the local sendmail, it first
          writes the message to a temporary file in /tmp. Then Pine runs
          a shell in the background that runs sendmail on the temporary
          file and then removes it. This is done with a shell in the
          background so the user doesn't have to wait for sendmail to
          finish. By default, sendmail is invoked with the -t flag to
          cause it to read and parse the header to determine the
          recipients; the -oem flag to cause errors to be mailed back;
          and the -oi flag to ignore dots in incoming messages. Systems
          administrators can choose to configure Pine to use a different
          mail transfer program or even sendmail with different flags.
          See the section on UNIX Pine Compile-time Options for more
          details on this.
          
          Pine can also operate as an SMTP client. SMTP stands for Simple
          Mail Transfer Protocol; it specifies the rules by which
          computers on the Internet pass email to one another. In this
          case, Pine passes outgoing email messages to a designated SMTP
          server instead of to a mail transfer program on the local
          machine. A program on the server then takes care of delivering
          the message. To make Pine operate as an SMTP client, the
          smtp-server variable must be set to the IP address or host name
          of the SMTP server within your organization. This variable
          accepts a comma separated list of servers, so you can specify
          multiple SMTP servers. PC-Pine only runs as an SMTP client.
          
   Pine 3.92 and later:
          The selection of which MTA to use depends on the settings of
          sendmail-path, smtp-server, and compile-time options. The first
          MTA specified in the following list is used:
          
         1. sendmail-path in /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.fixed
         2. smtp-server in /usr/local/pine.conf.fixed
         3. sendmail-path specified on the command line.
         4. smtp-server specified on the command line.
         5. sendmail-path in the user's .pinerc file.
         6. smtp-server in the user's .pinerc file.
         7. sendmail-path in /usr/local/lib/pine.conf
         8. smtp-server in /usr/local/pine.conf
         9. DF_SENDMAIL_PATH defined at compile time.
        10. SENDMAIL and SENDMAILFLAGS defined at compile time.
            
          If the sendmail-path form is used, a child process is forked,
          and the specified command is executed with the message passed
          on standard input. Standard output is then passed back and
          displayed for the user. NOTE: The program MUST read the message
          to be posted on standard input, AND operate in the style of
          sendmail's "-t" option. 
          
          If an smtp-server is specified, a connection to the server is
          opened. If the message contains 8-bit text, ESMTP 8BITMIME
          negotiation is attempted. The message is then sent using SMTP
          commands.
          
          If none of the above are set, the default sendmail program is
          invoked with the "-bs -odb -oem" flags, ESMTP negotiation is
          attempted, and the message is sent.
          
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

   IMAP is a remote access protocol for message stores. Pine uses IMAP to
   get at messages and folders which reside on remote machines. With
   IMAP, all messages are kept on the server. An IMAP client (such as
   Pine) can request specific messages, headers, message structures, etc.
   The client can also issue commands which delete messages from folders
   on the server. IMAP's closest kin is POP, the Post Office Protocol,
   which works by transferring an entire mailbox to the client where all
   the mail is kept. For a comparison of IMAP and POP, see the paper
   "Comparing Two Approaches to Remote Mailbox Access: IMAP vs. POP" by
   Terry Gray. A more detailed exploration of message access may be found
   in the paper " Message Access Paradigms and Protocols." These papers
   may be found in the /mail directory of the anonymous FTP server at
   ftp.cac.washington.edu.
   
   IMAP Features:
     * Allows access to mail folders from more than one client computer.
     * Works well over low-bandwidth lines because information is sent in
       small pieces as needed by the user. For example, only header
       information is sent to build index lists, and if someone sends a
       2MB audio file via MIME, you can choose when (or if) you want to
       get that part of the message.
     * Email can be delivered and stored on a well-maintained and
       reliable server which is "always-up".
     * Folders can be accessed and manipulated from anywhere on the
       Internet.
     * Users can get to messages stored in different folders within the
       same Pine session.
     * Allows use of IMAP server for searching and parsing.
     * The latest revision of IMAP (IMAP4) also provides for disconnected
       operation, including resynchronization of message state between
       mail servers and message caches on clients. Pine does not yet
       support this capability, however.
       
   IMAP2 is defined in RFC 1176. IMAP4, the revision to IMAP2, is
   described in RFC 1730. Further information about IMAP may be obtained
   from the University of Washington's IMAP Information Center on the
   World Wide Web.
   
   Pine 3.95 is an IMAP2bis client and does not yet implement all of the
   IMAP4 extensions. (IMAP2bis was an interim specification superseded by
   IMAP4.) Pine takes advantage of the extensions defined in IMAP2bis for
   efficient and selective access to MIME body parts. We expect the next
   major release of Pine (probably version 4.0) to be fully compatible
   with the IMAP4 specification.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)

   MIME is a way of encoding a multipart message structure into a
   standard Internet email message. The parts may be nested and may be of
   seven different types: Text, Audio, Image, Video, Message, Application
   and Multipart (nested). The MIME specification allows email programs
   such as Pine to reliably and simply exchange binary data (images,
   spreadsheets, etc.) MIME includes support for international character
   sets, tagging each part of a message with the character set it is
   written in, and providing 7-bit encoding of 8-bit character sets. It
   also provides a simple rich text format for marking text as bold,
   underlined, and so on. There is a mechanism for splitting messages
   into multiple parts and reassembling them at the receiving end.
   
   The MIME standard was officially published in June of 1992 as RFC 1341
   and subsequently revised in RFC 1521 when it became a full Internet
   Standard. Pine 3.0 was one of the first email programs to Implement
   MIME. Now, there are dozens of commercial and freely available
   MIME-capable email programs. In addition, MIME is being added to
   newsreaders so MIME messages can be posted and read in USENET
   newsgroups.
   
   The MIME standard also includes support for non-ASCII text in message
   headers through the extensions described in RFC 1342 and subsequently
   revised in RFC 1522. Support for RFC 1522 was added in Pine 3.92.
   
   An actual MIME message looks something like this:
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 1996 15:39:35 -0800 (PST)
From: David L Miller <dlm@cac.washington.edu>
To: David L Miller <dlm@cac.washington.edu>
Subject: =?iso-8859-1?Q?Test_MIME_message_with_RFC-1522_headers_=28=E1?=    =?i
so-8859-1?Q?=E2=E3=29?=
Message-Id: <Pine.ULT.3.92.960312150851.21583I-101000@shiva2.cac.washington.edu
>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: MULTIPART/MIXED; BOUNDARY="0-1737669234-826673975=:21583"
Content-Id: <Pine.ULT.3.92.960312153928.21583O@shiva2.cac.washington.edu>

  This message is in MIME format.  The first part should be readable text,
  while the remaining parts are likely unreadable without MIME-aware tools.
  Send mail to mime@docserver.cac.washington.edu for more info.

--0-1737669234-826673975=:21583
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; CHARSET=US-ASCII
Content-ID: <Pine.ULT.3.92.960312153104.21583L@shiva2.cac.washington.edu>

The text of the message would go here. It is readable if
one doesn't mind wading around a little bit of the MIME
formatting. After this is a binary file in base 64
encoding.

|\ |  |\/|  David L. Miller    dlm@cac.washington.edu  (206) 685-6240
|/ |_ |  |  Software Engineer, Pine Development Team   (206) 685-4045 (FAX)
University of Washington, Networks & Distributed Computing, JE-20
4545 15th Ave NE, Seattle WA 98105, USA

--0-1737669234-826673975=:21583
Content-Type: APPLICATION/ZIP; NAME="test.zip"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: BASE64
Content-ID: <Pine.ULT.3.92.960312153638.21583N@shiva2.cac.washington.edu>
Content-Description: Test Attachment


MgAAAOwCAAAAAA==
--0-1737669234-826673975=:21583--

   For details about Pine's implementation of MIME, see the two MIME
   sections "MIME: Reading a Message" and "MIME: Sending a Message" later
   in this document.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Folder Collections

   Folder Collections are Pine's way of dealing with more than a single
   group of folders. With advent of PC-Pine and the development of tools
   within IMAP to better manage remote folders, the time was ripe to
   provide a mechanism for defining a group of remote folders. PC-Pine
   forced the issue in that many potential PC-Pine users would be
   migrating from UNIX pine in a time-sharing environment and, thus,
   would have some investment in their archived messages on that host.
   
   Currently, Pine has no way to dynamically create or define
   collections, but there is much work still going on in this area. The
   hope is to provide a general way to define, display and navigate
   remote folder collections in a consistent way across platforms and
   applications. Especially important to this goal will be the hierarchy
   support provisions in the IMAP4 specification. Stay tuned!
   
   For a more complete description of Folder Collections, see the section
   on "Syntax for Collections."
   
   The Pine distribution is designed to require as little configuration
   and effort at compile time as possible. Still, there are some Pine
   behaviors which are set at the time you compile Pine. For each of
   these, there is a reasonable (our opinion) default built into the
   code, so most systems administrators will have no need for these
   steps.

                           Building and Installation
                                       
UNIX Pine Compile-time Options

   The files you may need to modify are ./pine/makefile.xxx and
   ./pine/osdep/os-xxx.h where "xxx" is the 3-letter code for your
   platform. You can give the command build help to see the list of ports
   incorporated into Pine and their associated 3-letter codes. The file
   ./pine/makefile.xxx is where you would set your compiler options. By
   default, Pine will be compiled with debugging on, optimization and
   profile off. Note that if you compile with DEBUG off, then Pine will
   not create its normal debug files, no matter how the debug-level and
   debug command line flag are set.
   
   Most of Pine's behaviors are set in the file ./pine/osdep/os-xxx.h,
   which includes comments that explain each setting. Some of these can
   only be set when you compile. Others, however, can be overridden by
   command-line flags to Pine or settings in Pine's user or system
   configuration files. Some of the options which can be set when
   compiling:
   USE_QUOTAS
          Determines whether quotas are checked on startup. Default is to
          not check the quota.
   ALLOW_CHANGING_FROM
          Determines whether users are allowed to modify the From line on
          outgoing mail. Even with this turned on, users will have to
          include From in their default-composer-hdrs or customized-hdrs
          in order to be able to edit the From line. Default is to not
          allow any changing.
   DEFAULT_DEBUG
          Sets the level of debugging output created in Pine's debug
          files. Default is level 2.
   NEW_MAIL_TIME
          Interval between new-mail checks. Default is 150 seconds.
   OVERLAP
          Number of lines overlap when user views the next page of a
          message. Default is 2 lines.
   USE_TERMINFO
          Instructs Pine to use the terminfo database instead of termcap.
          Default varies by system.
   SENDMAIL
   SENDMAILFLAGS
          Sets the name and flags for the local program that will be
          called to handle outgoing email. Default is /usr/lib/sendmail
          -oi -oem -t.
   SYSTEM_PINERC
          The name of the file which holds Pine configuration information
          for all users on the system. Default on UNIX systems is
          /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.
   SYSTEM_PINERC_FIXED
          The name of the file which holds the same type of information
          as for SYSTEM_PINERC, but only for variables that the
          administrator wants to keep fixed. That is, users are not
          allowed to change variables that are specified in the FIXED
          file. Default on UNIX systems is
          /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.fixed.
          
   There are a couple of more obscure options which are in the source
   code because a few people have asked for them or because we changed
   our minds about them being a good idea in general.
   ENCODE_FROMS
          Use Quoted-printable encoding so that From's at the beginning
          of lines don't end up being escaped by >'s. Most people seem to
          dislike the Q-P encoding more than the > escapes so this is off
          by default. Once everyone has MIME mail readers, we'll turn
          this on by default.
   NO_KEYBOARD_LOCK
          Disable the keyboard locking function in the main menu.
          Keyboard locking is enabled by default. (Keyboard lock may also
          be turned off by adding disable-kblock-cmd to the feature list
          variable in the global pine.conf file.)
          
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Pico Compile-time Options

   There are even fewer options needed when compiling Pico. The two
   interesting ones are for UNIX Pico versions only. The file that may
   need some changing is ./pico/os_unix.h. Whatever is set will effect
   the behavior of the Pico stand-alone program as well as the composer
   within Pine.
   SPELLER
          Names the program called to do "normal" spell-checking.
   TERMCAP
   TERMINFO
          Determines which of these terminal databases will be used.
          
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
IMAPd Compile-time Options

   There are no options or settings required for the version of IMAPd
   distributed with Pine. If you need to be doing more complex
   modifications to IMAP, then you should pick up the IMAP development
   package and work with that code. The developer's version of IMAP is
   available for anonymous ftp from ftp.cac.washington.edu in the
   directory mail. The file is called imap.tar.Z.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Building the Pine Programs

   You may have already compiled Pine and tried it out. If so, great! If
   not, you should be able to do it without too much trouble by following
   these step-by-step instructions:
   
    1. Figure out what platform you're building for. You can give the
       command build help to see the list of ports incorporated into
       Pine. What you need is the three letter code for the platform.
       Some examples are nxt for the Next operating system and ult for
       Ultrix. If your platform is not in the list of ports, then you
       might have some work ahead of you. First, check the file
       doc/pine-ports to see if there are others working on a port for
       your platform or to see if the port is included in the "contrib"
       section of the source code. Ports in the contrib directory were
       contributed by Pine administrators from around the world, but the
       Pine development team has not been able to test the code. If Pine
       has not yet been ported to your platform at all, read the section
       on Porting Pine in this document.
    2. Make sure you're in the root of the Pine source. When you type ls
       you should see the following files and directories (or something
       close to it):

        README  build   doc     makefile           pine
        bin             contrib imap    pico
    3. Make sure you're getting a clean start by giving the command build
       clean. This should take only a few seconds to run.
    4. Give the command build xxx where xxx is the three letter code you
       picked in step 1. The compiler should grind away for a few
       minutes.
    5. When the compilation is complete the sizes of the four binaries
       built (pine, mtest, imapd, pico) will be displayed. The actual
       binaries are in the various source directories. In addition, the
       bin directory contains a link to each program compiled. You can
       just copy them out of bin or try them from there.
       
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Installing Pine and Pico on UNIX Platforms

   Installing Pine and Pico is remarkably simple. You take the program
   files which you have just transferred or built and you move them to
   the correct directory on your system. Most often the binaries go in
   /usr/local/bin though sometimes they are placed in /usr/bin. All the
   help text is compiled into Pine so there are no required auxiliary
   files.
   
   There are, however, three optional auxiliary files:
   /usr/local/lib/pine.info, /usr/local/lib/pine.conf, and
   /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.fixed. The file pine.info contains text on
   how to get further help on the local system. It is presented as the
   first page of the help text for the main menu and should probably
   refer to the local help desk or the system administrator. If this file
   doesn't exist a generic version which suggests ``talking to the
   computer support staff at your site'' is shown. The file pine.conf is
   used to set system-wide default configurations for Pine. The file
   pine.conf.fixed is also used to set system-wide default configurations
   for Pine. The difference between these two files is that configuration
   variables set in the pine.conf.fixed file may not normally be
   over-ridden by a user. See the section on Pine Configuration later in
   this document for details about the pine.conf and pine.conf.fixed
   files.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Installing PC-Pine

   Beginning with the Pine 3.90 release, there is a PC-Pine version that
   runs under windows using the Winsock network interface. For those who
   still need to run the DOS version of PC-Pine, there are versions for
   four different TCP/IP network stacks: FTP Inc's PC/TCP, Novell's LAN
   Workplace for DOS, Sun's PC/NFS, and WATTCP for packet drivers.
   PC-Pine needs to be able to interact closely with the stack loaded on
   your PC. Most of the time, this occurs automatically. However, there
   are certain modifications that need be made.
   
   LAN Workplace for DOS Version 4.1
          Set the environment variable EXCELAN in the PC's AUTOEXEC.BAT
          file. This provides the necessary links so that LAN Workplace
          for DOS 4.1 can translate domain names to IP numbers correctly.
          It is needed because Pine was developed for LAN Workplace 4.0
          and this particular variable is treated differently in 4.1 than
          in 4.0. The EXCELAN variable must point to the directory in
          which LAN Workplace is installed.
   PC/TCP versions before 2.2
          You need a file called PCTCP.INI which contains a bare-minimum
          2-line description of the PC's configuration. It looks like
          this:

                [pctcp ifcust 0]
                ip-address=xx.xx.xx.xx
          Where xx.xx.xx.xx is the IP address of the PC. Pine also
          requires an environment variable, PCTCP, which points to this
          file. For example:

                set PCTCP=C:\PINE\PCTCP.INI
   Packet Drivers
          Pine needs to be made aware of the PC's network configuration
          file. Simply edit the file WATTCP.CFG included in the Pine
          distribution. The file includes 5 configuration
          settings--IP-address, gateway, netmask, nameserver(s) and
          domainslist. If you have a network configuration file for NCSA
          Telnet then WATTCP.CFG is just a pared down version of the
          CONFIG.TEL file you already made. Take a look at CONFIG.TEL to
          find the correct settings for WATTCP.CFG. Once the
          configuration file is made, the DOS environment variable
          WATTCP.CFG needs to point at it. For example:

                set WATTCP.CFG=C:\PINE
          
   In addition to networking software issues, you might need to worry
   about setting the time zone. PC-Pine includes the time zone as part of
   outgoing email. There is a generic way for PC applications to get the
   time zone, but, because PC-Pine is one of a very few applications
   which requires this information, time zone might not be previously
   configured.
   
   The trick is to add an environment variable, TZ, to your PC's
   AUTOEXEC.BAT file. The format for the TZ environment variable is as
   follows:

        ZZZ[+H]H[:MM:SSTTT]

   First is the 3-letter code for your standard time, then a "+" or a "-"
   for direction of offset from GMT, then the amount of offset (hours,
   minutes, seconds) and finally the 3-letter code for your summer- or
   daylight savings time. Everything in [] brackets is optional.
   
   The default time zone is "PST-8PDT" (U.S. Pacific Time).
   Coincidentally, Microsoft is headquartered in that time zone.
   
   As an example, people in the Eastern part of the US should add this
   line to their AUTOEXEC.BAT files:
   
        TZ=EST-5EDT

     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Installing IMAPd

   When the Pine distribution is built on a UNIX station, the IMAP server
   binary, imapd, is compiled. Installing imapd requires placing the
   binary in the appropriate directory, usually /usr/etc, and adding
   entries to /etc/services and /etc/inetd.conf or their counterparts.
   The following line is appropriate for /etc/services:

  imap         143/tcp         # Mail transfer

   and the next line is appropriate for /etc/inetd.conf:
  imap  stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/etc/imapd imapd

   The /etc/inetd.conf file entry may vary on different versions of UNIX.
   Some have a slightly different set of fields. Also the pathname in
   /etc/inetd.conf must match the path where imapd is installed.
   
   With this configuration, the IMAP server runs without
   pre-authentication. Each new IMAP connection requires a correct
   username and password. IMAP can also be run with pre-authentication
   based on the standard rsh mechanism. To enable this, the user account
   on the IMAP server must contain a valid file which grants access to
   the client machine. Enabling rimap authentication is done by creating
   a link called /etc/rimapd to imapd. Basically, what is happening is
   that Pine is taking advantage of the ability that rsh has to use
   privileged TCP ports so it doesn't have to run in privileged mode. If
   the rimap authentication fails it will drop back to plain password
   authentication.
   
   PC-Pine cannot take advantage of rimap authentication. Also, if your
   system uses a distributed configuration database, like NIS, Yellow
   Pages or Netinfo, be sure that appropriate steps are taken to ensure
   the above mentioned information is updated.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Support Files and Environment Variables: UNIX Pine

   This section lists the various files which Pine uses which are not
   email folders. All of these are the default names of files, they may
   vary based on Pine's configuration.
   /usr/local/lib/pine.conf
          Pine's global configuration file.
   /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.fixed
          Non-overridable global configuration file.
   /usr/local/lib/pine.info
          Local pointer to system administrator.
   ~/.pinerc
          Personal configuration file for each user.
   ~/.addressbook
          Personal addressbook
   ~/.addressbook.lu
          Personal address book lookup file (index file to speed up
          lookups).
   ~/.newsrc
          Personal USENET subscription list. This is shared with other
          newsreading programs.
   ~/.pine-debugX
          The files created for debugging Pine problems. By default,
          there are 4 .pine-debug files kept at any time.
   ~/.signature
          A signature file which will be included in all outgoing email
          messages.
   ~/.pine-interrupted-mail
          The text of a message which was interrupted by some unexpected
          error which Pine detected.
   ~/mail/postponed-msgs
          A folder of messages which the user chose to postpone.
   /etc/mailcap
          System-wide mail capabilities file. Only used if $MAILCAPS not
          set.
   ~/.mailcap
          Personal mail capabilities file. Combines with system-wide
          mailcap. Only used if $MAILCAPS not set.
          
   The location of the following support files may be controlled by
   variables in the personal or global Pine configuration file:
   signature, addressbook and its index file, postponed messages, and
   newsrc.
   
   Unix Pine uses the following environment variables:
   TERM
          Tells Pine what kind of terminal is being used.
   DISPLAY
          Determines if Pine will try to display IMAGE attachments.
   SHELL
          If not set, default is /bin/sh
   MAILCAPS
          A semicolon delimited list of path names to mailcap files.
          
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Support Files and Environment Variables: PC-Pine

   This section lists the various files which PC-Pine uses which are not
   normal mail folders. All of these are the default names of files, they
   may vary based on Pine's configuration.
   
   <PINE.EXE directory>\PINE.HLP
          File containing Pine's internal help text.
   <PINE.EXE directory>\PINE.NDX
          Index of Pine's help text used by PC-Pine to locate entries.
   $PINERC or $HOME\PINE\PINERC or <PINE.EXE dir>\PINERC
          Path to (required) personal configuration file.
   $PINECONF
          Path of optional global configuration file.
   <PINERC directory>\ADDRBOOK
          Personal addressbook
   <PINERC directory>\ADDRBOOK.LU
          Personal address book lookup file (index file to speed up
          lookups).
   <PINERC directory>\PINE.SIG
          A signature file which will be included in all outgoing email
          messages.
   <PINERC directory>\PINE.PWD
          A file containing encrypted password for remote mail server.
   <PINERC directory>\PINEDEBG.TXT
          Location of Pine debug file.
   <PINERC directory>\MAILCAP and/or <PINE.EXE dir>\MAILCAP
          These paths are only used if $MAILCAPS not set.
   $HOME\NEWSRC or <PINERC directory>\NEWSRC
          Personal USENET subscription list. This may be shared with
          other newsreading programs.
   $HOME\MAIL\INTRUPTD
          The text of a message which was interrupted by some unexpected
          error which Pine detected.
   $HOME\MAIL\POSTPOND
          A folder of messages which the user chose to postpone.
          
   PC-Pine's help text and help text index file are expected to reside in
   the same directory as the PINE.EXE executable, as they are essentially
   extensions of the executable. The personal configuration file may be
   in the same directory as the executable, or if that is inconvenient
   because the executable is on a shared or read-only drive, then it can
   be in a file named by the $PINERC environment variable, or in
   $HOME\PINE\PINERC, where if not set, $HOME defaults to the root of the
   current working drive.
   
   Most of the other support files key off of the location of the PINERC
   file. However, in the case of the NEWSRC file, the path $HOME\NEWSRC
   is checked first. Also, the postponed messages and interrupted message
   folders are placed in the default folder collection, normally in the
   directory $HOME\MAIL.
   
   The location of the following support files may be controlled by
   variables in the personal or global Pine configuration file:
   signature, addressbook (and its index file), postponed messages, and
   newsrc.
   
   PC-Pine uses the following environment variables:
   PINERC
          Overrides default path to pinerc file.
   PINECONF
          Optional path to global pine config file.
   HOME
          If not set, Pine uses the root of the current drive, e.g. C:
   TMP or TEMP
          Specifies location of temporary storage area
   COMSPEC
          Specifies shell for external commands.
   MAILCAPS
          A semicolon delimited list of path names to mailcap files.

                            Command Line Arguments
                                       
Pine

   Pine and PC-Pine can accept quite a few command-line arguments. Many
   of these arguments overlap with variables in the Pine configuration
   file. If there is a difference, then a flag set in the command line
   takes precedence. Both Pine and PC-Pine expect command line arguments
   to be preceded by the "-" (dash) as normally used by UNIX programs.
   
   [address]
          Send-to: If you put an unqualified string (or strings) in the
          command line, Pine reads them as email addresses. Pine will
          startup in the composer with a message started to the
          person/people specified. Once the message is sent, the Pine
          session closes.
   &LT; file
          Pine will startup in the composer with file read into the body
          of the message. Once the message is sent, the Pine session
          closes.
   -a
          Special anonymous mode for UWIN*.
   -c n
          When used with the -f option, apply the nth context. This is
          used when there are multiple folder collections and you want to
          open a folder not in the primary collection.
   -conf
          Configuration: Prints a sample system configuration file to the
          screen or standard output. To generate an initial system
          configuration file, execute

                pine -conf > /usr/local/lib/pine.conf
          To generate a system configuration file using settings from an
          old system configuration file, execute

                pine -P old-pine.conf -conf > /usr/local/lib/pine.conf
   -create_lu addrbook sort-order
          Create auxiliary index (LookUp) file for addrbook and sort
          addrbook in sort-order, which may be dont-sort, nickname,
          fullname, nickname-with-lists-last, or
          fullname-with-lists-last. Only useful when creating global or
          shared address books.
   -d debug-level
          Debug Level: Sets the level of debugging information written by
          Pine. debug-level can be set to any integer 0-9. A debug level
          of 0 turns off debugging for the session. (Actually there are
          some levels higher than 9, now, but you probably don't want to
          see them.)
   -f folder
          Startup folder: Pine will open this folder in place of the
          standard INBOX.
   -F file
          Open named text file and view with Pine's browser.
   -h
          Help: Prints the list of available command-line arguments to
          the screen.
   -i
          Pine will start up in the FOLDER INDEX screen instead of the
          MAIN MENU.
          Configuration equivalent: initial-keystroke-list=i
   -I a,b,c,...
          Initial Keystrokes: Pine will execute this comma-separated
          sequence of commands upon startup. This allows users to get
          Pine to start in any of its menus/screens. You cannot include
          any input to the composer in the initial keystrokes. The key
          <Return> is represented by a ``CR'' in the keystroke list; the
          spacebar is designated by the letters ``SPACE''. Control keys
          are two character sequences beginning with ``^'', such as
          ``^I''. A tab character is ``TAB''. Function keys are ``F1'' -
          ``F12'' and the arrow keys are ``UP'', ``DOWN'', ``LEFT'', and
          ``RIGHT''.
          Configuration equivalent: initial-keystroke-list
   -k
          Function-Key Mode: When invoked in this way, Pine expects the
          input of commands to be function-keys. Otherwise, commands are
          linked to the regular character keys. This option supported
          only in conjunction with UW Enhanced NCSA telnet.
          Configuration equivalent: use-function-keys included in
          feature-list.
   -l
          Folder-List: With "-l" set, Pine will default to an expanded
          folder list. This means that the FOLDER LIST screen will always
          show all folders in all collections. Default is to show the
          folders in the current collection only.
          Configuration equivalent: expanded-view-of-folders in
          feature-list.
   -n n
          Message-Number: When specified, Pine starts up in the FOLDER
          INDEX screen with the current message being the designated
          message number.
   -nr
          Special mode for UWIN*.
   -o folder
          Opens the INBOX (or a folder specified via the -f argument)
          ReadOnly.
   -p file
          Uses the named file as the personal configuration file instead
          of ~/.pinerc or the default PINERC search sequence PC-Pine
          uses.
   -P file
          Uses the named file as the system wide configuration file
          instead of /usr/local/lib/pine.conf. UNIX Pine only.
   -pinerc file
          Output fresh pinerc configuration to file, preserving the
          settings of variables that the user has made. Use file set to
          ``-'' to make output go to standard out.
   -r
          Restricted Mode: For UNIX Pine only. Pine in restricted mode
          can only send email to itself. Save and export are limited.
   -sort key
          Sort-Key: Specifies the order messages will be displayed in for
          the FOLDER INDEX screen. Key can have the following values:
          subject, arrival, date, from, size, orderedsubj,
          subject/reverse, arrival/reverse, date/reverse, from/reverse,
          size/reverse, orderedsubj/reverse. The default value is
          "arrival". The key value reverse is equivalent to
          arrival/reverse. This option will be expanded in the future to
          allow sorting on "to" and "cc".
          Configuration equivalent: sort-key.
   -z
          Enable Suspend: When run with this flag, the key sequence
          ctrl-z will suspend the Pine session.
          Configuration equivalent: enable-suspend included in
          feature-list.
   -option=value
          Assign value to the config option option. For example,
          -signature-file=sig1 or -feature-list=signature-at-bottom
          (Note: feature-list values are additive).
          
   * UWIN = University of Washington Information Navigator
   
Pico

   The following command line options are supported in Pico:
   
   +n
          Causes pico to be started with the cursor located n lines into
          the file. (Note: no space between "+" sign and number)
          
   -d
          Rebind the "delete" key so the character the cursor is on is
          rubbed out rather than the character to its left.
          
   -e
          Enable file name completion.
          
   -f
          Use function keys for commands. This option supported only in
          conjunction with UW Enhanced NCSA telnet.
          
   -g
          Enable "Show Cursor" mode in file browser. Cause cursor to be
          positioned before the current selection rather than placed at
          the lower left of the display.
          
   -k
          Causes "Cut Text" command to remove characters from the cursor
          position to the end of the line rather than remove the entire
          line.
          
   -m
          Enable mouse functionality. This only works when pico is run
          from within an X Window System "xterm" window.
          
   -nn
          The -nn option enables new mail notification. The n argument is
          optional, and specifies how often, in seconds, your mailbox is
          checked for new mail. For example, -n60 causes pico to check
          for new mail once every minute. The default interval is 180
          seconds, while the minimum allowed is 30. (Note: no space
          between "n" and the number)
          
   -o dir
          Sets operating directory. Only files within this directory are
          accessible. Likewise, the file browser is limited to the
          specified directory subtree.
          
   -rn
          Sets column used to limit the "Justify" command's right margin.
          
   -t
          Enable "tool" mode. Intended for when pico is used as the
          editor within other tools (e.g., Elm, Pnews). Pico will not
          prompt for save on exit, and will not rename the buffer during
          the "Write Out" command.
          
   -v
          View the file only, disallowing any editing.
          
   -w
          Disable word wrap (thus allow editing of long lines).
          
          Note: Pico will break any lines over 255 characters when
          reading a file, regardless of word wrapping.
          
   -x
          Disable keymenu at the bottom of the screen.
          
   -z
          Enable ^Z suspension of pico.
          
Pilot

   The following command line options are supported in Pilot:
   
   -a
          Display all files including those beginning with a period (.).
          
   -f
          Use function keys for commands. This option supported only in
          conjunction with UW Enhanced NCSA telnet.
          
   -g
          Enable "Show Cursor" mode. Cause cursor to be positioned before
          the current selection rather than placed at the lower left of
          the display.
          
   -m
          Enable mouse functionality. This only works when pilot is run
          from within an X Window System "xterm" window.
          
   -nn
          The -nn option enables new mail notification. The n argument is
          optional, and specifies how often, in seconds, your mailbox is
          checked for new mail. For example, -n60 causes pilot to check
          for new mail once every minute. The default interval is 180
          seconds, while the minimum allowed is 30. (Note: no space
          between "n" and the number)
          
   -o dir
          Sets operating directory. Only files within the specified
          directory are accessible and browsing is limited to the
          specified directory subtree.
          
   -v
          Enable single vertical column display.
          
   -x
          Disable keymenu at the bottom of the screen.
          
   -z
          Enable ^Z suspension of pilot.

                         Configuration and Preferences
                                       
Pine Configuration

   There is very little in Pine which requires compile-time
   configuration. In most cases, the compiled-in preferences will suit
   users and administrators just fine. When running Pine on a UNIX
   system, the default built-in configuration can be changed by setting
   variables in the system configuration file, /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.
   Both Pine and PC-Pine also use personal (user-based) configuration
   files. On UNIX machines, the personal configuration file is the file
   ~/.pinerc. For PC-Pine systems, the personal configuration file is in
   $PINERC or $HOME\PINE\PINERC or <PINE.EXE dir>\PINERC.
   
   The syntax of a non-list configuration variable is this:
   
     <variable> = <value>
     
   If the value is absent then the variable is unset. To set a variable
   to the empty value the syntax is "". This is equivalent to an absent
   value except that it overrides any system-wide value that may be set.
   Quotes may be used around any value. All values are strings and end at
   the end of the line or the closing quote. Leading and trailing space
   is ignored unless it is included in the quotes. For some variables the
   only appropriate values are yes and no. There is also a second type of
   variable, lists. A list is a comma-separated list of values. The
   syntax for a list is:
   
     <variable> = <value> [, <value> , ... ]
     
   A list can be continued on subsequent lines by beginning the line with
   white-space. Both the per-user and global configuration files may
   contain comments which are lines beginning with a #.
   
   For UNIX Pine, there are five ways in which a variable can be set. In
   decreasing order of precedence they are:
    1. the system-wide fixed configuration file
    2. a command line argument
    3. the personal configuration file (which is usually set from the
       Config screen)
    4. the system-wide configuration file
    5. default in the source code.
       
   So, system-wide fixed settings always take precedence over command
   line flags, which take precedence over per-user settings, which take
   precedence over system-wide configuration settings, which take
   precedence over source code defaults. PC-Pine has the same precedence,
   but it does not use a system-wide fixed configuration file.
   
   You may get a sample/fresh copy of the system configuration file by
   running pine -conf. The result will be printed on the standard output
   with short comments describing each variable. (The online help in the
   Setup/Config screen provides longer comments.) If you need to fix some
   of the configuration variables, you would use the same template for
   the fixed configuration file as for the regular system-wide
   configuration file. (If it isn't clear, the purpose of the fixed
   configuration file is to allow system administrators to restrict the
   configurability of Pine. It is by no means a bullet-proof method.)
   Pine will automatically create the personal configuration file the
   first time it is run, so there is no need to generate a sample. Pine
   reads and writes the personal configuration file occasionally during
   normal operation. Users will not normally look at their personal
   configuration file, but will use the Setup/Config screen from within
   Pine to set the values in this file. If a user does add additional
   comments to the personal configuration file they will be retained.
   Pine always writes this file at least once when running, so you can
   tell when a user last invoked Pine by checking the date on this file.
   
   References to environment variables may be included in the Pine
   configuration files. The format is $variable or ${variable}. The
   character ~ will be expanded to the $HOME environment variable.
   
   When environment variables are used for Pine settings which take
   lists, you must have an environment variable set for each member of
   the list. That is, Pine won't properly recognize an environment
   variable which is set equal to a comma-delimited list. It is OK to
   reference unset environment variables in the Pine configuration file,
   which will expand to nothing.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
General Configuration Variables

   The following is a list of all Pine configuration variables, in
   alphabetical order. Note that not all variables apply to all versions
   of Pine and that some variables are only applicable in a system
   configuration file and some are only applicable in a personal
   configuration file.
   
   addrbook-sort-rule
          This variable sets up the default address book sorting.
          Currently, Pine will accept the values dont-sort,
          fullname-with-lists-last, fullname, nickname-with-lists-last,
          and nickname. The default is to sort by fullname with lists
          last.
   address-book
          A list of personal address books. Each entry in the list is an
          optional nickname followed by a pathname or file name relative
          to the home directory. This list will be added to the
          global-address-book list to arrive at the complete set of
          address books.
   addressbook-formats
          This option specifies the format that address books are
          displayed in. Normally, address books are displayed with the
          nicknames in the first column, the fullnames in the second
          column, and addresses in the third column. The system figures
          out reasonable defaults for the widths of the columns. An
          address book may be given a different format by listing special
          tokens in the order you want them to display. The possible
          tokens are NICKNAME, FULLNAME, ADDRESS, FCC, and COMMENT.
   alt-addresses
          This option provides a place for you to list alternative email
          addresses you may have. If set, the option affects the behavior
          of the Reply command and the "+" symbol in the Folder Index,
          which denotes that a message has been addressed specifically to
          you.
          With respect to Reply, the reply-to-all option will exclude
          addresses listed here.
   bugs-additional-data
          System-wide configuration file only. Program/Script used by
          "Report Bug" command. Output from the program/script is
          captured and attached to the bug report.
   bugs-nickname, bugs-fullname, bugs-address, local-fullname,
          local-address, suggest-fullname, and suggest-address
          System-wide configuration file only. These are used by the
          Report Bug command.
   character-set
          This sets the character set used by the terminal. Currently
          appropriate values are US-ASCII, ISO-8859-1 through ISO-8859-9
          and ISO-2022-JP. See the section on international character
          sets for more details. The default is US-ASCII.
   composer-wrap-column
          This option specifies an aspect of Pine's Composer. This gives
          the maximum width that auto-wrapped lines will have. It's also
          the maximum width of lines justified using the ^J Justify
          command. The normal default is "74". The largest allowed
          setting is normally "80" in order to prevent very long lines
          from being sent in outgoing mail. When the mail is actually
          sent, trailing spaces will be stripped off of each line.
   customized-hdrs
          Add these custom headers when composing. Also possible to add
          default values to these custom headers or to any of the
          standard headers. This is a list variable. Each entry in the
          list is a header name (the actual header name that will appear
          in the message) followed by an optional colon and value. For
          example, if a Reply-to header was needed because it was
          different from the From address, that could be accomplished
          with:

    customized-hdrs=Reply-to: fred_flintstone@bedrock.net
   default-composer-hdrs
          Show only these headers (by default) when composing a message.
          This list may include headers defined in the customized-hdrs
          list.
   default-fcc
          The name of the folder to which all outgoing mail goes is set
          here. The compiled-in default is sent-mail (UNIX) or sentmail
          (PC). It can be set to "" (two double quotes with nothing
          between them) to turn off saving copies of outgoing mail. If
          the default-fcc is a relative file name, then it is relative to
          your default collection for saves (see folder-collections).
   default-saved-msg-folder
          This option determines the default folder name for Saves... If
          this is not a path name, it will be in the default collection
          for saves. Any valid folder specification, local or IMAP, is
          allowed. This default folder only applies when the
          saved-msg-name-rule (see later in this configuration screen)
          doesn't override it. Unix Pine default is normally
          "saved-messages" in the default folder collection. PC-Pine
          default is "SAVEMAIL" (normally stored as SAVEMAIL.MTX).
   display-filters
          This option defines a list of text-filtering commands (programs
          or scripts) that may be used to filter text portions of
          received messages prior to their use (e.g., presentation in the
          "MESSAGE TEXT" display screen). For security reasons, the full
          path name of the filter command must be specified. See the
          online help text for further details.
   download-command
          This option affects the behavior of the Export command. It
          specifies a Unix program name, and any necessary command line
          arguments, that Pine can use to transfer the exported message
          to your personal computer's disk.
   download-command-prefix
          This option is used in conjunction with the Download-command
          option. It defines text to be written to the terminal emulator
          (via standard output) immediately prior to starting the
          download command. This is useful for integrated serial line
          file transfer agents that permit command passing (e.g.,
          Kermit's APC method).
   editor
          UNIX Pine only. Sets the name of the alternate editor for
          composing mail (message text only, not headers). It will be
          invoked with the "^_" command or it will be invoked
          automatically if the enable-alternate-editor-implicitly feature
          is set.
   fcc-name-rule
          Determines default folder name for fcc when composing.
          Currently, Pine will accept the values default-fcc,
          by-recipient, or last-fcc-used. If set to default-fcc, then
          Pine will use the value defined in the default-fcc variable
          (which itself has a default) for the Fcc header field. If set
          to by-recipient, then Pine will use the name of the recipient
          as a folder name for the fcc. The relevant recipient is the
          first address in the To field. If set to "last-fcc-used", then
          Pine will offer to fcc to whatever folder you used previously.
          In all cases, the field can still be edited after it is
          initially assigned. If the fcc field in the address book is set
          for the first To address, that value over-rides any value
          derived from this rule.
   feature-list
          This is a list of features (options) which may be turned on.
          You may also turn features off (the default) by prepending the
          characters no- to any of the features. The feature-list is
          additive. That is, first the system-wide feature-list is read
          and then the user's feature-list is read. This makes it
          possible for the system manager to turn some of the features on
          by default while still allowing the user to cancel that
          default. However, some of the documentation assumes that all of
          the features are off by default, so use this with care. In Unix
          Pine, features can be individually fixed on or off by setting
          the feature on or off in the system-wide fixed configuration
          file. Descriptions for most features are omitted here. See the
          online help for descriptions of each feature (in the
          Setup/Config screen).
          Here is the current list of possible features.
          
     allow-talk
     assume-slow-link
     auto-move-read-msgs
     auto-open-next-unread
     auto-unzoom-after-apply
     auto-zoom-after-select
     compose-cut-from-cursor
     compose-maps-delete-key-to-ctrl-d
     compose-rejects-unqualified-addrs
     compose-send-offers-first-filter
     compose-sets-newsgroup-without-confirm
     delete-skips-deleted
     disable-keyboard-lock-cmd
     disable-keymenu
     disable-config-cmd
     disable-password-cmd
     disable-signature-edit-cmd
     disable-update-cmd
     enable-8bit-esmtp-negotiation
     enable-8bit-nntp-posting
     enable-aggregate-command-set
     enable-alternate-editor-cmd
     enable-alternate-editor-implicitly
     enable-bounce-cmd
     enable-cruise-mode
     enable-cruise-mode-delete
     enable-dot-files
     enable-dot-folders
     enable-flag-cmd
     enable-flag-screen-implicitly
     enable-full-header-cmd
     enable-incoming-folders
     enable-jump-shortcut
     enable-mail-check-cue
     enable-mouse-in-xterm
     enable-suspend
     enable-tab-completion
     enable-unix-pipe-cmd
     enable-verbose-smtp-posting
     expanded-view-of-addressbooks
     expanded-view-of-folders
     expunge-without-confirm
     fcc-on-bounce
     include-attachments-in-reply
     include-header-in-reply
     include-text-in-reply
     news-post-without-validation
     news-read-in-newsrc-order
     pass-control-characters-as-is
     preserve-start-stop-characters
     print-formfeed-between-messages
     print-offers-custom-cmd-prompt
     print-index-enabled
     quell-dead-letter-on-cancel
     quell-lock-failure-warnings
     quell-status-message-beeping
     quit-without-confirm
     reply-always-uses-reply-to
     save-aggregates-copy-sequence
     save-will-quote-leading-froms
     save-will-not-delete
     save-will-advance
     select-without-confirm
     show-cursor
     show-selected-in-boldface
     signature-at-bottom
     single-column-folder-list
     tab-visits-next-new-message-only
     use-current-dir
     use-function-keys
     use-sender-not-x-sender
     user-lookup-even-if-domain-mismatch
          The four disable- features and the use-function-keys feature
          are intentionally suppressed from the Config screen, as they
          are intended for use by system administrators in the
          system-wide fixed config file. Their meaning should be
          self-explanatory.
          The save-aggregates-copy-sequence feature is suppressed from
          the config screen. This feature will optimize an aggregate copy
          operation, if possible, by issuing a single COPY command with a
          list of the messages to be copied. This may save network
          traffic when the source and destination folders are on the same
          IMAP server. However, many IMAP servers (including the UW IMAP
          server) do not preserve the order of messages when this
          optimization is applied. If this feature is not enabled, or if
          the folders are on different IMAP servers, or the folders are
          local and in different formats, Pine will copy each message
          individually.
   folder-collections
          This is a list of one or more collections where saved mail is
          stored. See the sections describing folder collections and
          collection syntax for more information. The first collection in
          this list is the default collection for saves, including
          default-fcc's.
   font-name
          Winsock version of PC Pine only.
   font-size
          Winsock version of PC Pine only.
   forced-abook-entry
          System-wide Pine configuration file only. Force these address
          book entries into all writable personal address books.
   global-address-book
          A list of shared address books. Each entry in the list is an
          optional nickname followed by a pathname or file name relative
          to the home directory. This list will be added to the
          address-book list to arrive at the complete set of address
          books. Global address books are defined to be readonly.
   goto-default-rule
          This value affects Pine's behavior when you use the Goto
          command. There are three possible values for this option:
          
        inbox-or-folder-in-recent-collection
                If your current folder is "Inbox", Pine will offer the
                last open folder as the default. If the current folder is
                other than "Inbox", "Inbox" is offered as the default.
                
        inbox-or-folder-in-first-collection
                The second accepted value is a variation on the default
                which again offers "Inbox" if it isn't currently open,
                but otherwise offers the most recent folder in the first
                collection found in the "FOLDER LIST" screen.
                
        most-recent-folder
                The last accepted value simply causes the most recently
                opened folder to be offered as the default regardless of
                the currently opened folder.
                
          NOTE: The default while a newsgroup is open remains the same;
          the last open newsgroup.
   image-viewer
          This variable names the program to call for displaying parts of
          a MIME message that are of type IMAGE. If your system supports
          the mailcap system, you don't need to set this variable.
   inbox-path
          This specifies the name of the folder to use for the INBOX.
          Normally this is unset so the system's default is used. The
          most common reason for setting this is to open an IMAP mailbox
          for the INBOX. For example, {imap5.u.example.edu}inbox will
          open the user's standard INBOX on the mail server, imap5.
   incoming-archive-folders
          This is like Read-Message-Folder, only more general. This is a
          list of folder pairs, with the first separated from the second
          in the pair by a space. The first folder in a pair is the
          folder you want to archive, and the second folder is the folder
          that read messages from the first should be moved to. Depending
          on how you define the "auto-move-read-messages" setting in the
          "feature-list", you may or may not be asked when you leave the
          first folder if you want read messages to be moved to the
          second folder. In either case, moving the messages means they
          will be deleted from the first folder.
          If these are not path names, they will be in the default
          collection for saves. Any valid folder specification, local or
          remote (via IMAP), is allowed. There is no default.
   incoming-folders
          This is a list of one or more folders other than INBOX that may
          receive new messages. This list is slightly special in that it
          is always expanded in the folder lister. In the future, it may
          become more special. For example, it would be nice if Pine
          would monitor the folders in this list for new mail.
   index-format
          This option specifies the format that folder indexes are
          displayed in. Normally, the system figures out reasonable
          defaults for the widths of the columns of the index display. A
          non-standard display format can be used by listing special
          tokens in the order you want them to display. The tokens are
          STATUS, FULLSTATUS, MSGNO, DATE, SIZE, DESCRIPSIZE, SUBJECT,
          FROMORTO, FROM, and TO. The tokens are separated by spaces.
          Each of the tokens may also be optionally followed by
          parentheses with either a number or a percentage inside the
          parentheses.
   initial-keystroke-list
          This is a comma-separated list of keystrokes which Pine
          executes on startup. Items in the list are usually just
          characters, but there are some special values. SPACE, TAB, and
          CR mean a space character, tab character, and a carriage
          return, respectively. F1 through F12 stand for the twelve
          function keys. UP, DOWN, LEFT, and RIGHT stand for the arrow
          keys. Control characters are represented with ^<char>. A
          restriction is that you can't mix function keys and character
          keys in this list even though you can, in some cases, mix them
          when running Pine. A user can always use only character keys in
          the startup list even if he or she is using function keys
          normally, or vice versa.
   kblock-passwd-count
          System-wide Pine configuration file only. number of times a
          user will have to enter a password when they run the keyboard
          lock command in the main menu.
   last-time-prune-questioned
          Personal configuration file only. This variable records the
          month the user was last asked if his or her sent-mail folders
          should be pruned. The format is yy.mm. This is automatically
          updated by Pine when the the pruning is done or declined. If a
          user wanted to make Pine stop asking this question he or she
          could set this time to something far in the future.
   last-version-used
          Personal configuration file only. This is set automatically by
          Pine. It is used to keep track of the last version of Pine that
          was run by the user. Whenever the version number increases, a
          new version message is printed out.
   mail-check-interval
          This option specifies, in seconds, how often Pine will check
          for new mail. If set to zero, new-mail checking is disabled.
          There is a minimum value, normally 15 seconds.
   mail-directory
          This variable was more important in previous versions of Pine.
          Now it is used only as the default for storing personal folders
          (and only if there are no folder-collections defined). The
          default value is ~/mail on UNIX and $HOME\MAIL on a PC.
   mailcap-search-path
          This variable is used to replace Pine's default mailcap file
          search path. It takes one or more file names (full paths must
          be specified) in which to look for mail capability data.
   mimetype-search-path
          This variable is used to replace Pine's default mime.types file
          search path. It takes one or more file names (full paths must
          be specified) in which to look for file-name-extension to MIME
          type mapping data. See the Config Notes for details on Pine's
          usage of the MIME.Types File.
   new-version-threshold
          When a new version of Pine is run for the first time it offers
          a special explanatory screen to the user upon startup. This
          option helps control when and if that special screen appears
          for users that have previously run Pine. It takes as its value
          a Pine version number. Pine version less than the specified
          value will supress this special screen while versions equal to
          or greater than that specified will behave normally.
   news-active-file-path
          This option tells Pine where to look for the "active file" for
          newsgroups when accessing news locally, rather than via NNTP.
          The default path is usually "/usr/lib/news/active".
   news-collections
          This is a list of collections where news folders are located.
          See the section describing collections for more information.
   news-spool-directory
          This option tells Pine where to look for the "news spool" for
          newsgroups when accessing news locally, rather than via NNTP.
          The default path is usually "/usr/spool/news".
   newsrc-path
          This option overrides the default name Pine uses for your
          "newsrc" news status and subscription file. If set, Pine will
          take this value as the full pathname for the desired newsrc
          file.
   nntp-server
          One or more NNTP servers (host name or IP address) which Pine
          will use for outgoing news. If you read and post news to and
          from a single NNTP server, you can get away with only setting
          the nntp-server variable and leaving the news-collections
          variable unset.
   normal-background-color
          PC-Pine only. Currently, Pine will accept the colors black,
          blue, green, cyan, red, magenta, yellow, or white.
   normal-foreground-color
          PC-Pine only. See normal-background-color for possible colors.
   operating-dir
          System-wide Pine configuration file only. This names the root
          of the tree to which the user is restricted when reading and
          writing folders and files.
   personal-name
          Personal configuration file only (not applicable in global
          config. file). User's full personal name. On UNIX systems, the
          default is taken from the accounts data base (/etc/passwd).
   personal-print-command
          UNIX personal configuration file only. This corresponds to item
          3 in the printer menu. This variable retains the value of
          personal-print-command when the printer is set to something
          other than item 3. The personal-print-command can be set within
          Pine using the printer setup menu.
   postponed-folder
          The folder where postponed messages are stored. The default is
          postponed-msgs (Unix) or POSTPOND (PC).
   printer
          UNIX Pine only. This is the current setting for a user's
          printer. This variable is set from Pine's printer-setup
          function. The value must be either
          + "attached-to-ansi" -or-
          + the value of personal-print-command -or-
          + the value of standard-printer from the system-wide
            configuration.
   pruned-folders
          This variable allows you to define a list of one or more
          folders that Pine will offer to prune for you in the same way
          it automatically offers to prune your "sent-mail" folder each
          month. That is, once a month for each folder listed, Pine will
          offer to move the contents of the folder to a new folder of the
          same name but with the previous month's date appended. Pine
          will then look for any such date-appended folder names created
          for a previous month, and offer each one it finds for deletion.
          If you decline the first offer, no mail is moved and no new
          folder is created. Folders listed are assumed to exist, and the
          archive folders will be created, in the first collection
          defined by the "folder-collections" variable.
   read-message-folder
          If set, mail in the INBOX that has been read but not deleted is
          moved here, or rather, the user is asked whether or not he or
          she wants to move it here upon quitting Pine.
   reply-indent-string
          This variable specifies an aspect of Pine's Reply command. When
          a message is replied to and the text of the message is
          included, that text usually has the string "> " prepended to
          each line to indicate quoting.
          This variable specifies a different value for that string. If
          you wish to use a string which begins or ends with a space,
          enclose the string in double quotes.
          You can also include the sender's name in the prepended string.
          The first occurrence of "_FROM_" in the reply-indent-string
          will be replaced with the "username" portion of the address
          being replied to.
          The normal default is "> ".
   reverse-background-color
          PC-Pine only. See normal-background-color for possible colors.
   reverse-foreground-color
          PC-Pine only. See normal-background-color for possible colors.
   saved-msg-name-rule
          Determines default folder name when saving. Currently, Pine
          will accept the values "default-folder", "by-sender",
          "by-from", "by-recipient", or "last-folder-used". If set to
          default-folder, then Pine will offer the folder
          "saved-messages" (UNIX) or "SAVEMAIL" (PC) for saving messages.
          If set to by-from, then Pine will offer to save the message in
          a folder with the same name as the From, if there is one, or
          the Sender otherwise. If set to by-sender, then Pine will offer
          to save the message in a folder with the same name as the
          Sender, if there is one, or the From otherwise. If set to
          by-recipient, then Pine will offer to save the message in a
          folder with the same name as the recipient, which is the
          newsgroup if this was sent to a newsgroup or the To address if
          not. If set to "last-folder-used", then Pine will offer to save
          in whatever folder you used previously.
   sending-filters
          This option defines a list of text-filtering commands (programs
          and scripts) that may be selectively invoked to process a
          message just before it is sent. If set, the Composer's ^X
          (Send) command will allow you to select which filter (or none)
          to apply to the message before it is sent. For security
          reasons, the full path of the filter program must be specified.
          See the online help text for further details.
   sendmail-path
          System-wide Pine configuration file only. This names the path
          to an alternative program, and any necessary arguments, to be
          used in posting mail messages.
   signature-file
          Names the file to be included as the signature. This defaults
          to ~/.signature on UNIX and <PINERC directory>\PINE.SIG on a
          PC.
   smtp-server
          One or more SMTP servers (host name or IP address) which Pine
          will use for outgoing mail. If not set, Pine passes outgoing
          email to the sendmail program on the local machine. PC-Pine
          users must have this variable set in order to send mail as they
          have no sendmail program. An alternate port may be specified by
          appending :port to the host name or IP address. See the SMTP
          Servers section for details.
   sort-key
          This variable sets up the default index sorting. The default is
          to sort by arrival order. It has the same functionality as the
          -sort command line argument and the $ command in the folder
          index. If a sort-key is set, then all folders open during the
          session will have that as the default sort order.
   speller
          This option affects the behavior of the ^T (spell check)
          command in the Composer. It specifies the program invoked by ^T
          in the Composer. By default, Pine uses the system's "spell"
          command. Pine will use the command defined by this option (if
          any) instead. When invoking the spell-checking program, Pine
          appends a tempfile name (where the message is passed) to the
          command line.
   standard-printer
          System-wide configuration file only. Specifies the command for
          printer selection number 2 on the printer menu. Unix only.
   status-message-delay
          If this is set to a positive number, it causes the cursor to
          move to the status line whenever a status message is printed
          and pause there for this many seconds. It will probably only be
          useful if the show-cursor feature is also turned on.
   upload-command
          This option affects the behavior of the Composer's "Read File"
          (^R in the message body) and "Attach File" (^J in the header)
          commands. It specifies a Unix program name, and any necessary
          command line arguments, that Pine can use to transfer files
          from your personal computer into messages that you are
          composing.
   upload-command-prefix
          This option is used in conjunction with the Upload-command
          option. It defines text to be written to the terminal emulator
          (via standard output) immediately prior to starting upload
          command. This is useful for integrated serial line file
          transfer agents that permit command passing (e.g., Kermit's APC
          method).
   use-only-domain-name
          Can be set to yes or no. At this point anything but yes means
          no. If set to yes the first label in the host name will be
          lopped off to get the domain name and the domain name will be
          used for outgoing mail and such. That is, if the host name is
          carson.u.example.edu and this variable is set to yes, then
          u.example.edu will be used on outgoing mail. Only meaningful if
          user-domain is NOT set.
   user-domain
          Sets the domain or host name for the user, overriding the
          system host or domain name. See the domain name section.
   user-id
          PC-Pine only. Sets the username that is placed on all outgoing
          messages.
   viewer-hdrs
          You may change the default list of headers that are viewed by
          listing the headers you want to view here. If the headers in
          your "viewer-hdrs" list are present in the message, then they
          will be shown. The order of the headers you list will be
          honored. If the special value "all-except" is included as the
          first header in the "viewer-hdrs" list, then all headers in the
          message except those in the list will be shown. The values are
          all case insensitive.
   viewer-overlap
          This option specifies an aspect of Pine's Message Viewing
          screen. When the space bar is used to page forward in a
          message, the number of lines specified by the "viewer-overlap"
          variable will be repeated from the bottom of the screen. That
          is, if this was set to two lines, then the bottom two lines of
          the screen would be repeated on the top of the next screen. The
          normal default value is "2".
   window-position
          Winsock version of PC Pine only. Window position in the format:
          CxR+X+Yn Where C and R are the window size in characters and X
          and Y are the screen position of the top left corner of the
          window.
          
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Retired Variables

   Variables that are no longer used by the current Pine version. When an
   obsolete variable is encountered, its value is applied to any new
   corresponding setting and a comment is place before it noting that it
   is no longer in used. The replaced values at the time of this document
   include:
   
   elm-style-save
          Replaced by saved-msg-name-rule
   feature-level
          Replaced by feature-list.
   header-in-reply
          Replaced by include-header-in-reply in the feature-list.
   old-style-reply
          Replaced by signature-at-bottom in the feature-list.
   save-by-sender
          Replaced by saved-msg-name-rule.
   show-all-characters
          No replacement, it always works this way now.
          
     _________________________________________________________________

                    Notes on Configuration and Preferences
                                       
Pine in Function Key Mode

   The standard Pine uses alphabetic keys for most commands, and control
   keys in the composer. Despite possible appearances, the current
   bindings are the result of much discussion and thought. All the
   commands in the composer are single control characters. This keeps
   things very neat and simple for users. Two character commands in the
   composer are a possibility, but we're trying to avoid them because of
   the added complexity for the user.
   
   Pine can also operate in a function-key mode. To go into this mode
   invoke pine -k or (on some UNIX systems) pinef. On a UNIX system, you
   can link or copy the pine executable to pinef to install pinef.
   Alternatively, users and systems administrators can set the
   use-function-keys feature in the personal or system-wide Pine
   configuration file. The command menus at the bottom of the screen will
   show F1-F12 instead of the alphabetic commands. In addition, the help
   screens will be written in terms of function keys and not alphabetic
   keys.
   
   One of the results of using Pine in function-key mode is that users
   can only choose from twelve commands at any given time. In
   alphabetic-key mode, a user can press a key for a command (say, q to
   quit) and that command can be fulfilled. In function-key mode, the
   command must be visible on the bottom key-menu in order to be used.
   There are some screens where 34 commands are operational; function-key
   users can get to all of them, just not all at once.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Domain Settings

   Pine uses the default domain for a few different tasks. First, it is
   tacked onto the user-id for outgoing email. Second, it is tacked onto
   all "local" (unqualified) addresses in the "To:" or "Cc:" fields of
   messages being composed (unless they are found in the address book).
   The domain name is also used to generate message-id lines for each
   outgoing message and to allow Pine to check if an address is that of
   the current Pine user.
   
   Pine determines the domain name according to whichever of these it
   finds. The list here is in decreasing order of precedence.
    1. Value of the variable user-domain in the system fixed
       configuration file
    2. Value of the variable user-domain in the personal configuration
       file
    3. Value of the variable user-domain is the system-wide configuration
       file
    4. Value from an external database (DNS, /etc/hosts, NIS) as modified
       by a system fixed configuration file if use-domain-name-only set
       to "yes"
    5. Value from an external database (DNS, /etc/hosts, NIS) as modified
       by a personal configuration file if use-domain-name-only set to
       "yes"
    6. Value from an external database (DNS, /etc/hosts, NIS) as modified
       by a system configuration file if use-domain-name-only set to
       "yes"
    7. Unmodified value (host name) from an external database
       
   The easiest way for this system to work is for PC-Pine users and UNIX
   Pine system administrators to set the user-domain variable. The
   variable use-only-domain-name is helpful if your site
   supports/requires hostless addressing, but for some reason you don't
   want to use the user-domain variable.
   
   A new feature in 3.90 is called user-lookup-even-if-domain-mismatch.
   This will cause the personal name field to be looked up from the
   password file even if the domain of an address isn't a substring of
   the local host name. See the online help in the Setup/Config screen
   for full information.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Syntax for Collections

   In many environments, it is quite common to have collections of
   archived mail on various hosts around the network. Using the folder
   collections facility in Pine, access to these archives is just as
   simple as access to folders on Pine's local disk.
   
   "Collection" is the word we use in Pine to describe a set of folders.
   A collection corresponds loosely to a "directory" containing mail
   folders. Folders within a defined collection can be manipulated
   (opened, saved-to, etc) using just their simple name. Any number of
   folder collections can be defined, and pine will adjust its menus and
   prompts to help navigate them.
   
   The way collections are defined in Pine is with the folder-collections
   variable in the Pine configuration file. Folder-collections takes a
   list of one or more collections, each (optionally) preceded by a
   user-defined logical name (label). Once collections are defined, Pine
   adjusts its menus and behavior to allow choosing files by their simple
   name within the collection. Collections are always defined in the
   configuration file; there is no time that Pine will ever ask a
   question which requires a user to input a collection specifier. This
   might change in the future if/when the Goto command is extended to
   allow jumping to a collection/directory as well as an individual
   folder.
   
   Consider the following:
   folder-collections=  Local-Mail      C:\MAIL\[],
                        Remote-Mail     {imap.u.example.edu}mail/[]

   The example shows two collections defined (a comma separated list;
   newlines in the list are OK if there's one or more spaces before the
   next entry), one local and one remote. Each collection is a
   space-delimited pair of elements-first an optional logical-name and
   second the collection specifier. The logical-name can have spaces if
   it has quotes around it (but keeping the logical name short and
   descriptive works best). Pine will use the logical-name (if provided)
   to reference all folders in the collection, so the user never has to
   see the ugliness of the collection specifier.
   
   The collection specifier can be thought of as an extended IMAP format
   (see the "Remote Folders" section for a description of IMAP format
   names). Basically, a pair of square-brackets are placed in the fully
   qualified IMAP path where the simple folder name (the part without the
   host name and path) would appear. Like IMAP, the path can be either
   fully qualified (i.e., with a leading '/') or relative to your home
   directory.
   
   An advanced feature of this notation is that a pattern within the
   square brackets allows the user to define a collection to be a subset
   of a directory. For example, a collection defined with the specifier:

        M-Mail          C:MAIL/[m*]

   will provide a view in the folder lister of all folders in the PC's
   "C:MAIL" directory that start with the letter 'm' (case insensitive
   under DOS, of course). Further, the wildcard matching will honor
   characters trailing the '*' in the pattern.
   
   From within Pine, the FOLDER LIST display will be adjusted to allow
   browsing of the folders in any defined collection. Even more, you'll
   notice in the Goto and Save commands a pair of sub-commands to rotate
   through the list of logical collection names, so only a simple name
   need be input in order to operate on a folder in any collection.
   
   The first collection specified in the folder-collections has special
   significance. That folder is the "default collection for saves". In
   cases where the user does not specify which collection should be used
   to save a message, the default collection for saves will be used.
   Also, if the default-fcc is a relative file name, then it is relative
   to the default collection for saves.
   
   The notion of collections encompasses both email folders and news
   reading. The variable news-collections uses nearly the same format as
   folder-collections. Newsgroups can be defined for convenient access
   via either IMAP or NNTP. There are advantages and disadvantages to
   both access methods. In the IMAP case, your news environment state is
   maintained on the server and, thus, will be seen by any client. The
   downside is that, at the moment, you must have an account on the
   server. In the NNTP case, server access is mostly anonymous and no
   state/accounting need be maintained on it. The downside is that each
   client, for now, must individually maintain news environment state.
   
   An example pinerc entry might be:
     news-collections=  Remote-State    *{news.u.example.edu}[],
                        Local-State     *{news.u.example.edu/nntp}[]

   Note that each news collection must be preceded by a '*' to indicate
   non-mail access. Only newsgroups to which you are subscribed are
   included in the collection.
   
   The pattern matching facility can be applied so as to define a news
   collection which is a subset of all the newsgroups you subscribe to.
   For example, this could be a valid collection:

                        Newsfeed-News   *{news.u.example.edu/nntp}[clari.*]

   Collection handling is a tough problem to solve in a general way, and
   the explanation of the syntax is a bit ugly. The upside is, hopefully,
   that for a little complexity in the Pine configuration file you get
   simple management of multiple folders in diverse locations.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Syntax for Remote Folders

   Remote folders are distinguished from local folders by a leading host
   name bracketed by '{' and '}'. The path and folder name immediately
   following the closing bracket, '}', is interpreted by the IMAP server
   and is in a form compatible with that server (i.e., path delimiters
   and naming syntax relative to that server).
   
   Typically, a folder name without any path description is understood to
   reside in the user's "home directory" (i.e., in some way the user's
   personal, writable file area), as are incomplete path designations.
   However, the IMAP specification does not require that unqualified
   folder names live in one's home directory, so some IMAP servers may
   require fully qualified names. An example of a remote folder
   specification would be,

        {mailhost.cac.washington.edu}mail/saved-messages

   This example simply specifies a folder named ``saved-messages'' on the
   imap server ``mailhost.cac.washington.edu'', in the ``mail''
   subdirectory of the user's home directory. Easy isn't it?
   
   To confuse things a bit, qualifiers are permitted within the brackets
   following the host name. These qualifiers consist of a slash, '/'
   character followed by a keyword or keyword and value equality, and
   have the effect of modifying how the connection is made to the host
   specified. An example of such a specification might be,

        *{pine.cac.washington.edu/anonymous}updates

   Another example might be,
        *{news.u.washington.edu/nntp}comp.mail.mime

   Both of these examples illustrate a different qualifier. The first,
   specifying ``anonymous'' access to the IMAP server on
   ``pine.cac.washington.edu''. The second is interesting in that it
   specifies an altogether different access method: access via the
   Network News Transport Protocol (NNTP). Both examples bring to light
   one remaining subtlety. The leading ``*'' tells pine to treat the
   remote folder as a Bulletin-Board (i.e., typically a shared, read-only
   resource) and to adjusts its behavior accordingly.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Sorting a Folder

   The mail index may be sorted by subject, size, sender, date, or
   arrival order. Each sort order can also be reversed. The $ command
   will prompt the user for the sort order. The sort order can also be
   specified on the command line with the -sort flag or (equivalently)
   with the sort-key variable in the .pinerc file. When a user changes
   folders, the sort order will go back to the original sort order. The
   command line (-sort) or configuration file sort specification
   (sort-key) changes the original sort order.
   
   When a folder is sorted and new mail arrives in the folder it will be
   inserted in its properly sorted place. This can be a little odd when
   the folder is sorted by something like the subject. It can also be a
   little slow if you are viewing a large, sorted INBOX, since the INBOX
   will have to be re-sorted whenever new mail arrives.
   
   The sorts are all independent of case and ignore leading or trailing
   white space. There are actually two forms of subject sort. One called
   "Subject" and the other called "OrderedSubj". They both ignore "Re:"
   at the beginning and "(fwd)" at the end of the subjects. Subject sorts
   all the subjects alphabetically. OrderedSubj sorts by subjects
   alphabetically, groups messages with the same subject
   (pseudo-threads), then sorts the groups by the date of the first
   message of the group. The sort by sender sorts by the userid, not the
   full name. The arrival sort is basically no sort at all and the date
   sort depends on the format of the date. Some dates are in strange
   formats and are unparsable. The time zone is also taken into account.
   
   Sorting large mail folders can be very slow since it requires fetching
   all the headers of the mail messages. With UNIX Pine, only the first
   sort is slow since Pine keeps a copy of all the headers. One exception
   is sorting in reverse arrival order. This is fast because no headers
   have to be examined. Pine will show progress as it is sorting.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Alternate Editor

   In the Pine composer you can use any text editor, such as vi or emacs,
   for composing the message text. The addresses and subject still must
   be edited using the standard Pine composer. If you include the feature
   enable-alternate-editor-cmd in your .pinerc you can type ^_ while in
   the body of the message in the composer and be prompted for the
   editor. If you also set the editor variable in your .pinerc then ^_
   will invoke the configured editor when you type it.
   
   Turning on the feature enable-alternate-editor-implicitly will
   automatically invoke the editor you have defined with the editor
   variable whenever you enter the body of a message you are composing.
   For example, when you move out of the last header line and into the
   body of the message, the alternate editor will be automatically
   invoked.
   
   We know that many people would like to use the alternate editor to
   edit the mail header as well. We considered several designs for this
   and didn't come up with one that we liked and that was easy to
   implement. One of the main problems is that you lose access to the
   address book.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Signatures and Signature Placement

   If the file ~/.signature (UNIX) or <PINERCdirectory>\PINE.SIG (PC)
   exists, it will be included in all outgoing messages. It is included
   before composition starts so that the user has a chance to edit it out
   if he or she likes. The file name for the signature can be changed by
   setting the signature-file variable in the .pinerc. There is no way to
   have Pine include different signatures in different outgoing messages
   automatically. You can do this by hand, however, by having multiple
   signature files (.sig1, .sig2, .sig3, etc) and choosing to include (^R
   in the composer) the correct one for the message being sent.
   
   Pine's default behavior encourages a user to put his or her
   contribution before the inclusion of the original text of the message
   being forwarded or replied to, This is contrary to some conventions,
   but makes the conversation more readable when a long original message
   is included in a reply for context. The reader doesn't have to scroll
   through the original text that he or she has probably already seen to
   find the new text. If the reader wishes to see the old message(s), the
   reader can scroll further into the message. Users who prefer to add
   their input at the end of a message should set the signature-at-bottom
   feature in the feature-list. The signature will then be appended to
   the end of the message after any included text. This feature applies
   when replying, not when forwarding.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Feature List Variable

   Pine used to have feature levels for users with different amounts of
   experience. We found that this was too restrictive. Pine now has a
   feature-list instead. Each user may pick and choose which features
   they would like enabled (simple to do in the Setup/Config screen).
   There is a short on-line help explaining the effect of each of the
   features in the Setup/Config screen. When the cursor is highlighting a
   feature, the "?" command will show the help text for that feature.
   Features don't have values, they are just turned on or off. They are
   all off by default.
   
   The feature-list variable is different from all other configuration
   variables in that its value is additive. That is, the system-wide
   configuration file can have some features turned on by default. The
   user can select other features in their personal configuration file
   and those features will be added to the set of features turned on in
   the system-wide configuration file. (With all other configuration
   variables, the user's values replace the system-wide values.)
   Likewise, additional features may be set on the command-line with the
   argument "-feature-list=". These will be added to the others.
   
   The treatment of feature-list in the system-wide fixed configuration
   file is also different from other variables. The system management can
   fix the value of individual features by placing them in the fixed
   configuration file. Users will not be able to alter those features,
   but will still be able to set the other non-restricted features the
   way they like.
   
   Because feature-list is additive, there is a way to turn features off
   as well as on. Prepending the prefix "no-" to any feature sets it to
   off. This is useful for over-riding the system-wide default in the
   personal configuration file or for over-riding the system-wide default
   or the personal configuration value on the command line. For example,
   if the system-wide default configuration has the quit-without-confirm
   feature set, the user can over-ride that (and turn it off) by
   including no-quit-without-confirm in the personal configuration file
   or by giving the command line argument
   -feature-list=no-quit-without-confirm. More features (options) will no
   doubt continue to be added.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
SMTP Servers

   It is sometimes desireable to set smtp-server=localhost instead of
   setting sendmail-path to overcome the inability to negotiate ESMTP
   options when sendmail is invoked with the -t option. Sendmail can also
   be subject to unacceptable delays due to slow DNS lookups and other
   problems.
   
   It is sometimes desireable to configure an SMTP server on a port other
   than the default port 25. This may be used to provide an alternate
   service that is optimized for a particular environment or provides
   different features from the port 25 server. An example would be a
   program that negotiates ESMTP options and queues a message, but does
   not attempt to deliver messages. This would avoid delays frequently
   encountered when invoking sendmail directly.
   
   A typical configuration would consist of
     * A program that implements the SMTP or ESMTP protocol via stdio.
     * An entry in /etc/services for the alternate service.
     * An entry in /etc/inetd.conf for the alternate service.
     * An entry in /usr/local/lib/pine.conf,
       /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.fixed or ~/.pinerc.
       
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
MIME.Types file

   Pine's MIME-TYPE support is based on code contributed by Hans Drexler
   &LT;drexler@mpi.nl&GT;. Pine assigns MIME Content-Types types
   according to file name extensions found in a system wide files
   /usr/local/lib/mime.types and /etc/mime.types, and a user specific
   ~/.mime.types file.
   
   In DOS and OS/2, Pine looks in the same directory as the PINERC file
   and the same dir as PINE.EXE. This is similar to the UNIX situation
   with personal config info coming before potentially shared config
   data. An alternate search path can be specified by setting
   mimetype-search-path variable in the user or system-wide configuration
   or by setting the MIMETYPES environment variable.
   
   These files specify file extensions that will be connected to a mime
   type. Lines beginning with a '#' character are treated as comments and
   ignored. All other lines are treated as a mime type definition. The
   first word is a type/subtype specification. All following words are
   file extensions belonging to that type/subtype. Words are separated by
   whitespace characters. If a file extension occurs more than once, then
   the first definition determines the file type and subtype.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Additional Notes on PC-Pine

   Below are a few odds and ends worth mentioning about PC-Pine. They
   have to do with DOS-specific behavior that is either necessary or
   useful (and sometimes both!).
   
   As PC-Pine runs in an environment with limited access control,
   accounting or auditing, an additional line is automatically inserted
   into the header of mail messages generated by PC-Pine:

        X-Sender: <userid>@<imap.host>

   By popular demand of system administrators, PC-Pine has been modified
   to prevent sending messages until the user has successfully logged
   into a remote mail server. Even though PC-Pine cannot prevent users
   from changing the apparent identity of the sender of a message, the
   IMAP server login name host name included in the X-Sender line provide
   some level of traceability by the recipient. However, this should not
   be considered a rigorous form of authentication. It is extremely
   lightweight, and is not a replacement for true authentication.
   
   Hand in hand with authentication and accounting is user information.
   Since PC-Pine has no user database to consult for user-id,
   personal-name, etc., necessary information must be provided by the
   user/installer before PC-Pine can properly construct the "From"
   address required for outbound messages. PC-Pine will, by default,
   prompt for the requisite pieces as they are needed. This information
   corresponds to the PINERC variables user-id, personal-name,
   user-domain, and smtp-server.
   
   The user is then asked whether or not this information should
   automatically be saved to the PINERC. This is useful behavior in
   general, but can lead to problems in a lab or other shared
   environment. Hence, these prompts and automatic saving of
   configuration can be turned off on an entry by entry basis by setting
   any of the above values in the PINERC to the null string (i.e., a pair
   of double quotes). This means that the user will be prompted for the
   information once during each pine session, and no opportunity to save
   them in the PINERC will be offered.
   
   Along similar lines, a feature allowing automatic login to the
   imap-server containing the user's INBOX has also been requested. This
   feature is not enabled by default, but requires the existence of the
   file named PINE.PWD in the same directory as the PINERC. Even with the
   existence of this file, the user must still acknowledge a prompt
   before the password is saved to the file. If PC-Pine is configured to
   access several different IMAP servers, each password entered will be
   kept (associated with the corresponding host name) in memory during
   the current session, and optionally, in the PINE.PWD file for use in
   subsequent sessions.
   
   WARNING! Use this feature with caution! It effectively makes the
   user's mail no more secure than the physical security of the machine
   running PC-Pine. What's more, while the password is cloaked by a mild
   (some might say, feeble) encryption scheme, it is nonetheless sitting
   in a file on the PC's disk and subject to cracking by anyone with
   access to it. BEWARE!
   
   Another feature of DOS is the lack of standard scratch area for
   temporary files. During the course of a session, PC-Pine may require
   numerous temporary files (large message texts, various caches, etc.).
   Where to create them can be a problem, particularly when running under
   certain network operating systems. PC-Pine observes the TMP and TEMP
   environment variables, and creates temporary files in the directory
   specified by either. In their absence, PC-Pine creates these files in
   the root of the current working drive.

                               Behind the Scenes
                                       
   Many people ask how certain Pine features are implemented. This
   section outlines some of the details.
   
Address Books

   The address book file is named, by default, .addressbook in the user's
   Unix home directory, or in the case of PC-Pine, ADDRBOOK, in the save
   directory as the PINERC file. There may be more than one address book,
   and the default name can be over-ridden via an entry in any of the
   Pine configuration files. The two configuration variables address-book
   and global-address-book are used to specify the file names of the
   address books. Each of these variables is a list variable. The total
   set of address books for a user is the combination of all the address
   books specified in these two lists. Each entry in the list is an
   optional nickname followed by a file name. The nickname is everything
   up to the last space before the file name. The global-address-book
   list will typically be configured in the system-wide configuration
   file, though a user may over-ride it like most other variables.
   Address books which are listed in the global-address-book variable are
   forced read-only, and are typically shared among multiple users.
   
   Address books are simple text files with lines in the format:
   
     <nickname>TAB<fullname>TAB<address>TAB<fcc>TAB<comments>
     
   The last two fields are optional. A "line" may be made up of multiple
   actual lines in the file by using continuation lines, which are lines
   beginning with SPACE characters. The line breaks may be after TABS or
   in between addresses in a distribution list.
   
   Nicknames (the first field) are short names that the user types
   instead of typing in the full address. There are several characters
   which aren't allowed in nicknames in order to avoid ambiguity when
   parsing the address (for example: spaces, commas, "@", ...).
   
   The fullname field is usually stored as Last_name, First_name, in
   order that a sort on the fullname field comes out right. If there is a
   comma in the fullname, Pine will flip the first and last name around
   and get rid of the comma when using the entry in a composition. It
   isn't required that there be a comma, that's only useful if the user
   wants the entries to sort on last names.
   
   The address field takes one of two forms, depending on whether the
   entry is a single (simple) address or a distribution list. For a
   simple entry, the address field is the email-address part of the
   address, i.e., the part that goes inside the brackets (<>). It is
   combined with the fullname field to form the complete address. For a
   distribution list, the <address> is in the format:
   
     "(" <address>, <address>, <address>, ... ")"
     
   Unlike the simple entry case, each of the addresses in a list can be a
   full RFC 822 address with fullname included, or it may be just the
   same as in the simple case. This way you can have a list which
   includes the fullnames of all the list members. In both the simple and
   list cases, addresses may also be other nicknames which appear in this
   address book or in one of the other address books. (Those nicknames
   are searched for by looking through the address books in the order
   they appear in the address book screen, with the first match winning.)
   Lists may be nested. If addresses refer to each other in a loop this
   is detected and flagged. The address will be changed to "**** address
   loop ****".
   
   The optional fcc field is a folder name, just like the fcc field in
   the composer headers. If the first address in the To field of a
   composition comes from an address book entry with an fcc field, then
   that fcc is placed in the fcc header in the composer.
   
   The comments field is just a free text field for storing comments
   about an entry. Neither the fcc nor the comments field is normally
   shown on the screen in the address book screen. You can only see them
   by Editing them. You may also search them with the WhereIs command.
   
   The address book is displayed in the order that it is sorted in the
   file. When the user chooses a different sorting criterion, the file is
   actually sorted, not just the view of the file.
   
   When the address book is written out, it is first written to a
   temporary file and if that write is successful it is renamed
   correctly. This guards against errors writing the file that might
   destroy the whole address book. The address book is re-written after
   each change.
   
   The end-of-line character(s) in the address book file are those native
   to the system writing it. So it is <LF> on Unix and <CR><LF> on PC's.
   However, both Unix and PC versions of Pine can read either format, so
   it should be possible to share a read-only address book among the two
   populations (using NFS, for example). The end-of-line character for
   the LookUp file is always just <LF>, even on a PC. There is not
   currently any method built into Pine to access a remote address book
   (through IMAP or something like that). The only sharing possible is
   via some external remote file system or copying. It is very likely
   that a future version of Pine will be able to access remote address
   books using IMSP, when that becomes standardized and available.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
  Address Book Lookup File
  
   Starting in 3.90 there is an additional file for each address book,
   called the LookUp file. It usually has the same name as the address
   book file with the suffix ".lu" appended. (It might have a different
   name if a file name length restriction prohibited that name.) This
   file is created and maintained by Pine. Its purpose is to speed up
   lookups for large address books and to reduce memory requirements for
   large address books. A fairly detailed description of how it is used
   is given in src/pine/adrbklib.h.
   
   The lookup file changes whenever the address book itself is changed.
   If it doesn't exist, Pine attempts to create it. If Pine doesn't have
   permission to create the lookup file with the standard name, it will
   create a temporary version in a temp directory. You want to avoid this
   since it would have to be rebuilt every time Pine was run, and
   rebuilding takes a significant time for a large address book. So, if
   you're going to have a shared address book in a read-only directory,
   it is highly desirable to create the lookup file so that the users
   sharing it won't have to each create a copy in a temp directory. You
   can do that by running Pine and accessing the address book under a
   user id which does have permission to write the file (root, for
   example) or by using the -create_lu command line argument to Pine (as
   root, still). If users may be using a shared address book that needs
   updating, it is best to move the old address book to another name
   rather than copying over it. It is also best to make the lookup file
   for the new addrbook before moving it and the address book file into
   place, otherwise users may get stuck initializing the new file.
   
   An effort is made to detect that an address book has been changed by
   another process. If a change is detected, the address book will be
   closed down and a new open will be attempted. If the new lookup file
   is in place when the open is tried, it will work smoothly. In normal
   operation (lookups and browsing the address book) the check to see if
   it has changed is just a heuristic to notice if things seem right. It
   isn't more rigorous because it needs to be fast. When a lookup is
   done, an offset into the address book is gotten from the LookUp file
   and a seek into the address book is done. It will check to see if the
   preceding character is an end-of-line character, which it should be.
   If it isn't, it figures it needs to rebuild the LookUp file. When an
   address book is about to be changed, a more fool-proof check is made.
   Several things in the file are checked to see that it is a LookUp file
   (magic number, size, ...) and that it is whole. Then, a timestamp in
   the LookUp file is compared to the mtime of the address book. If the
   timestamp is later than the mtime, everything is ok, otherwise, the
   address book has been changed and the new change is aborted.
   
   The address book code has been completely rewritten for 3.90 and
   production experience with shared address books is nil at the time of
   this writing. We expect there may be some changes as experience is
   gained, and that some new tools may emerge (scripts to convert
   password files to shared address books, for example).
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Checkpointing

   Periodically Pine will save the whole mail folder to disk to prevent
   loss of any mail or mail status in the case that Pine gets
   interrupted, disconnected, or crashes. The period of time Pine waits
   to do the checkpoint is calculated to be minimally intrusive. The
   timing can be changed (but usually isn't) at compile time. Folder
   checkpointing happens for both local folders and those being accessed
   with IMAP. The delays are divided into three categories:
   
   Good Time: 1.5i
          This occurs when Pine has been idle for more than 30 seconds.
          In this case Pine will checkpoint if 12 changes to the file
          have been made or at least one change has been made and a
          checkpoint hasn't been done for five minutes.
   Bad Time: 1.5i
          This occurs just after Pine has executed some command. Pine
          will checkpoint if there are 36 outstanding changes to the mail
          file or at least one change and no checkpoint for ten minutes.
   Very Bad Time: 1.5i
          Done when composing a message. In this case, Pine will only
          checkpoint if at least 48 changes have been made or one change
          has been made in the last twenty minutes with no checkpoint.
          
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Debug Files

   If UNIX Pine is compiled with the compiler DEBUG option on (the
   default), then Pine will produce debugging output to a file. The file
   is normally .pine-debugX in the user's home directory where X goes
   from 1 to 4. Number 1 is always the most recent session and 4 the
   oldest. Four are saved because often the user has gone in and out of
   Pine a few times after a problem has occurred before the expert
   actually gets to look at it. The amount of output in the debug files
   varies with the debug level set when Pine is compiled and/or as a
   command line flag. The default is level 2. This shows very general
   things and records errors. Level 9 produces copious amounts of output
   for each keystroke.
   
   PC-Pine creates a single debug file named PINEDEBG.TXT in the same
   directory as the PINERC file.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Filters

   Pine is not designed to process email messages as they are delivered;
   rather Pine depends on the fact that some other program (sendmail,
   etc) will deliver messages and Pine simply reads the email folders
   which that "other" program creates. For this reason, Pine cannot
   filter incoming email into different folders. It can, however, work
   alongside most of the programs available over the Internet which
   perform this task. Pine is known to operate successfully with the Elm
   filter program and with Procmail.
   
   Design changes introduced in Pine 3.8x facilitate Pine users filtering
   email. You still have to get a filtering program and configure it
   correctly, but Pine now allows users to specify a set of
   incoming-folders. Pine will separate out all the folders listed as
   incoming-folders and offer convenient access to these. We hope that in
   the future Pine will be able to offer new message counts for all of
   the incoming folders.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Folder Formats and Name Extensions

   A folder is a group of messages. The default format used by Unix Pine
   is the Berkeley mail format. It is also used by the standard mail
   command and by elm. Unix Pine also understands message folders in
   other formats, such as Tenex, MH, MMDF, Carmel, and Netnews. (For more
   information about the carmel format, see the directory
   ./contrib/carmel in the Pine distribution.)
   
   PC-Pine reads and writes local (PC) folders in a special format
   similar to the Tenex format. Near as we can tell, PC-Pine is the only
   program to use this format. Beginning with version 3.90, PC-Pine
   includes a Read-Only driver for the Berkeley mailbox format in
   addition. That means that you can import Unix mail folders, or mount
   them via NFS or SMB, and PC-Pine can read them --but not modify them.
   
   Extensions. In the past, file name extensions have been significant in
   both Unix Pine and PC-Pine, but this has caused more problems than it
   solved. Therefore, on Unix Pine extensions no longer have any special
   meaning, and this is the trend for PC-Pine as well.
   
   By default, PC-Pine adds ".MTX" to the name of any local (PC) folders
   that are referenced, and suppresses the extension from the Folder List
   display. Now that PC-Pine can read more than one folder format, the
   MTX extension no longer implies a particular format, and is largely
   irrelevant. By using the "folder_extension" option, you can change
   this behavior. In particular, you may set "folder-extension" to the
   "null string" which tells PC-Pine to neither add nor hide-from-view
   *any* folder name extension.
   
   The reason you might wish to over-ride the MTX default is that recent
   versions of PC-Pine have the ability to open (albeit READ-ONLY) normal
   Unix mail folders. Since it might be inconvenient to rename all of
   them to have an MTX extension, it is possible with this option to
   switch PC-Pine's behavior so that such folders can be seen and
   accessed without changing their names. However, doing this means that
   your existing PC-Pine local folders will have apparently changed their
   names. For example, if you had a local folder named "FOO" it will now
   appear in the Folder List as "FOO.MTX". If you wish to save additional
   messages to that folder, you will need to enter the full name,
   "FOO.MTX" at the Save prompt. Likewise for GOTO.
   
   If you wish to permanently avoid having to deal with folder name
   extensions, you will need to set this option to the null string by
   entering two double- quote marks, and you will need to rename your
   existing local folders to not have an MTX extension. In DOS this can
   be done in one command, once you have changed to your mail directory:
   RENAME *.MTX *.
   
   We don't know why you might wish to, but you could also use this
   option to tell PC-Pine to use an extension other than MTX. In this
   case, enter the three characters you desire to use in lieu of "MTX".
   Note that your existing folders will need to be renamed to correspond
   to this new extension.
   
   Berkeley Mail Format
          This format comes to us from the ancient UNIX mail program,
          /bin/mail. (Note that this doesn't have anything to do with
          Berkeley, but we call it the Berkeley mail file format anyway.)
          This program was actually used to interactively read mail at
          one time, and is still used on many systems as the local
          delivery agent. In the Berkeley mail format, a folder is a
          simple text file. Each message (including the first) must start
          with a separator line which takes approximately the form:
          
     From juser@u.example.edu Wed Aug 11 14:32:33 1993
   
          Each message ends with two blank lines. There are actually
          several different variations in the date part of the string,
          twenty at last count. Because of the format of the separators,
          lines in the mail message beginning with "From ", space
          included, risk being confused as message separator lines. Some
          mail programs will interpret any line beginning with "From " as
          a message separator, while others --including Pine-- will not
          be confused unless the line really looks like a message
          separator, complete with address and date. Such lines will be
          modified to begin with ">From ". In deference to other mail
          programs, you may also set the "save-will-quote-leading-froms"
          feature, in which case any line beginning with "From " will be
          modified as above. If you see this occasionally in incoming
          mail messages, the culprit is not Pine but the message delivery
          program being used at your site.
          You can fool Pine into thinking a file is a mail folder by
          copying a suitable message separator from a real folder to the
          beginning of the file and wherever you want message boundaries.
          The vast majority of INBOXes Pine reads and folders it writes
          are of this format.
   Tenex and MTX Formats
          Like the Berkeley format, the Tenex folder format uses a single
          file per folder. Historically, the name of Tenex-format folders
          ended with .txt, but this rule is no longer enforced. The file
          format consists of a header line followed by the message text
          for each message. The header is in one of two forms:
          
     dd-mmm-yy hh:mm:ss-zzz,n;ffffffffffff
     dd-mmm-yyyy hh:mm:ss sssss,n;ffffffffffff
   
          and is immediately followed by a newline (and the message
          text).
          
     The fields in the formats are:
     dd two-digit day of month (leading space if a single-digit day)
     mmm three-letter English month name (Jan, Feb, etc.)
     yy two-digit year in 20th century (obsolete)
     yyyy four-digit year
     hh two-digit hour in 24-hour clock (leading zero if single-digit)
     mm two-digit minute (leading zero)
     ss two-digit second (leading zero)
     zzz three-letter North American time zone (obsolete)
     sssss signed four-digit international time zone as in RFC 822
     n one or more digits of the size of the following message in
     bytes
     ffffffffffff
     twelve-digit octal flags value
          Punctuation is as given above.
   
          The time in the header is the time that message was written to
          the folder. The flags are interpreted as follows: the high
          order 30 bits are used to indicate user flags, the next two
          bits are reserved for future usage, the low four bits are used
          for system flags (010 = answered, 04 = flagged urgent, 02 =
          deleted, 01 = seen).
   
          If a Tenex-format (or empty) file named mail.txt exists in a
          Pine user's home directory, this triggers special processing in
          Pine. When INBOX is opened, mail is automatically moved from
          /usr/spool/mail into mail.txt in the user's home directory.
   
          The format used by PC-Pine is identical to the Tenex format,
          with two exceptions: the folder name ends with .MTX instead of
          .txt (this is a requirement in the MTX format), and DOS-style
          CR/LF newlines are used instead of UNIX-style LF newlines.
   Netnews Format
          The netnews format is a read-only format which uses directories
          under /usr/spool/news as folders. The /usr/spool/news/ prefix
          is removed and all subsequent ``/'' (slash) characters are
          changed to ``.'' (period). For example, the netnews folder name
          comp.mail.misc refers to the directory name
          /usr/spool/news/comp/mail/misc. In addition, the news folder
          name must appear in the file /usr/lib/news/active for it to be
          recognized. Individual messages are stored as files in that
          directory, with file names being the ASCII form of a number
          assigned to that message.
          
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Folder Locking

   There are two kinds of locking which Pine has to worry about. The
   first might be called program-contention locking. This affects the
   times when a program is performing actual updates on a folder. An
   update might be a message delivery program appending a message
   (sendmail delivering a message to an INBOX), status changes
   (checkpoints by Pine every few minutes) or deletion of messages (an
   expunge in Pine). For moderate sized mail messages, these operations
   should not last for more than a few seconds. The second kind of
   locking has to do with user-contention situations. This would be the
   case when one folder is shared by a group of people or even when one
   person starts multiple email sessions all of which access the same
   folders and INBOX.
   
   There are two standard locking mechanisms which handle
   program-contention locking. To be on the safe side, Pine implements
   both of them. The older mechanism places a file xxxx.lock (where xxxx
   is the name of the file being locked) in the same directory as the
   file being locked. This makes use of the fact that directory
   operations are atomic in UNIX and mostly works across NFS. There are
   involved algorithms used to determine if a lock has been held for an
   excessive amount of time and should be broken. The second
   program-contention locking mechanism uses the flock() system call on
   the mailbox. This is much more efficient and the locks can't get stuck
   because they go away when the process that created them dies. This is
   usually found on 4BSD and related machines.
   
   In addition to these, Pine--through the c-client library--provides
   robust locking which prevents several users (or several instances of
   the same user) having a mail file open (for update) at once. This
   user-contention lock is held the entire time that the folder is in
   use.
   
   With IMAPd 7.3(63) and Pine 3.84 and higher, the second Pine session
   which attempts to open a particular folder (usually INBOX) with Pine
   will ``win''and That is to say, the second session will have
   read/write access to the folder. The first user's folder will become
   read-only. (Note that this is exactly the opposite of the behavior
   prior to Pine 3.84 where the second open was read-only. Having the
   latest open be read-write seems to match more closely with what users
   would like to have happen in this situation.) Pine's additional
   locking is only effective against multiple uses of Pine or other
   programs using the c-client library, such as MailManager, ms, IMAPd
   and a few others. Beginning with Pine 3.85, there is an -o command
   line flag to intentionally open a mailbox read-only.
   
   Pine locking on UNIX systems works by creating lock files in /tmp of
   the form \usr\spool\mail\joe. The system call flock() is then used on
   these files; the existence of the file alone does not constitute a
   lock. This lock is created when the folder is opened and destroyed
   when it is closed. When the folder is actually being written, the
   standard UNIX locks are also created.
   
   If a folder is modified by some other program while Pine has it open,
   Pine will give up on that mail file, concluding it's best not to do
   any further reads or writes. This can happen if another mailer that
   doesn't observe Pine's user-contention locks (e.g. elm or mail) is run
   while Pine has the mail folder open. Pine checkpoints files every few
   minutes, so little data can be lost in these situations.
   
   PC-Pine does not do any folder locking. It depends on IMAP servers to
   handle locking of remote folders. It is assumed that only one Pine
   session can be running on the PC at a time, so there is no contention
   issue around folders on the PC itself.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
INBOX and Special Folders

   The INBOX folder is treated specially. It is normally kept open
   constantly so that the arrival of new mail can be detected. The name
   INBOX refers to wherever new mail is retrieved on the system. If the
   inbox-path variable is set, then INBOX refers to that. IMAP servers
   understand the concept of INBOX, so specifying the folder
   {imap.u.example.edu}INBOX is meaningful. The case of the word INBOX is
   not important, but Pine tends to display it in all capital letters.
   
   The folders for sent mail and saved messages folders are also somewhat
   special. They are automatically created if they are absent and
   recreated if they are deleted.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Internal Help Files

   The file pine.hlp in the pine subdirectory of the distribution
   contains all the help text for Pine. On UNIX, it is compiled right
   into the Pine binary as strings. This is done to simplify installation
   and configuration. The pine.hlp file is in a special format that is
   documented at the beginning of the file. It is divided into sections,
   each with a name that winds up being referenced as a global variable.
   Some special formatting rules are used to keep things lined up and to
   allow for substitutions in the help text depending on whether the Pine
   session uses function keys or the standard alphabetic/mnemonic keys.
   This file is processed by two awk scripts and turned into C files that
   are compiled into Pine.
   
   This scheme can increase efficiency because Pine can be compiled to
   have the strings as part of shared, read-only text. Rather than each
   process having to read in the help text from a file, the strings are
   shared by all executing processes on the machine and demand paged.
   This works on machines that have separate instruction and data space,
   but is only fully implemented in the NeXT (tested) and Dynix (not
   tested) ports.
   
   PC-Pine, which tries to run on machines with as little as 640k of
   memory, leaves the Pine help text out of the executable. PINE.EXE,
   PINE.HLP, and PINE.NDX are all needed for PC-Pine's help system.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
International Character Sets

   While Pine was designed in the U.S. and used mostly for
   English-language correspondence, it is a goal for Pine to handle email
   in almost any language. Many sites outside of the U.S. run Pine in
   their native language. The default character set for Pine is US-ASCII.
   That can be changed in the personal or system-wide configuration file
   with the variable character-set.
   
   When reading incoming email, Pine allows all character sets to pass
   through. Pine doesn't actually display the characters but simply
   passes them through; it is up to the actual display device to show the
   characters correctly. When composing email, Pine will accept input in
   any language and tag the message according to the character-set
   variable. Again, it is up to the input device to generate the correct
   sequences for the character set being used.
   
   With the exception of UNICODE-1-1-UTF-7, the outgoing message is
   checked to see if it is all US-ASCII text (and contains no escape
   characters). In that case, the text will be labeled as US-ASCII even
   if the character-set variable is set to something else. The theory is
   that every reasonable character set will have US-ASCII as a subset,
   and that it makes sense to label the text with the
   lowest-common-denominator label so that more mailers will be able to
   display it. Text in the UNICODE-1-1-UTF-7 character set is never
   re-labelled as US-ASCII.
   
   BUG: If you prepare a UNICODE-1-1 document and read it into the
   composer with ^R, Pine may mistreat it. If your document, when
   misviewed as 8-bit bytes, does not contain any individual bytes
   greater than 0x7f base 16, then pine will re-label your outgoing
   message as US-ASCII, even if your message is really in Unicode
   Cyrillic, Arabic, or Thai. On the other hand, if your UNICODE-1-1,
   when misviewed as 8-bit bytes, does contain at least one individual
   byte greater than 0x7f base 16, as is likely for Unicode
   French/German/Spanish, Greek, Japanese, and Chinese, then pine will
   retain the UNICODE-1-1 label.
   
   The character sets are:
   
     US-ASCII Standard 7 bit English characters
     ISO-8859-1 8 bit European "latin 1" character set
     ISO-8859-2 8 bit European "latin 2" character set
     ISO-8859-3 8 bit European "latin 3" character set
     ISO-8859-4 8 bit European "latin 4" character set
     ISO-8859-5 8 bit Latin and Cyrillic
     ISO-8859-6 8 bit Latin and Arabic
     ISO-8859-7 8 bit Latin and Greek
     ISO-8859-8 8 bit Latin and Hebrew
     ISO-8859-9 8 bit European "latin 5" character set
     ISO-8859-10 8 bit European "latin 6" character set
     KOI8-R 8 bit Latin and Russian
     VISCII 8 bit Latin and Vietnamese
     ISO-2022-JP Latin and Japanese
     ISO-2022-KR Latin and Korean
     UNICODE-1-1 Unicode
     UNICODE-1-1-UTF-7 Mail-safe Unicode
     ISO-2022-JP-2 Multilingual
     
   Earlier versions of Pine made use of the character set tags associated
   with text in MIME to decide if the text should be displayed or not.
   Depending on the character set tag and the character-set variable in
   Pine, the text was either displayed as is, displayed with some
   characters filtered out, or not displayed at all. The current version
   uses a much simpler algorithm in order to maximize the chance that
   useful contents are readable by the user. It simply displays all
   messages of type text and makes no attempt to filter out characters
   that may be in the wrong character set. If the text is tagged as
   something other than US-ASCII and the tag does not match the character
   set that the character-set variable is set to, then a warning is
   printed at the start of the message. In that case, it is possible that
   the text will be displayed incorrectly. For example, if the text is
   one variant of ISO-8859 and the display device is another variant,
   some of the characters may show up on the screen as the wrong
   character. Or if the text is Japanese and the display device is not,
   some parts of the message may be total gibberish (which will look like
   ASCII gibberish). On the other hand, the parts of the Japanese message
   that really are US-ASCII will be readable in the midst of the
   gibberish.
   
   In the case of PC-Pine, the character values cannot be passed through
   to the display device unaltered since MS-DOS uses various non-standard
   character sets called "Code Pages".
   
   The mapping between DOS Code Page and standard character set is
   controlled by the "character-set" variable in the PINERC file and the
   PC's installed Code Page. PC-Pine will automatically map common
   characters in IBM Code Pages 437, 850, 860, 863, and 865 to ISO-8859-1
   and back when the PINERC has "character-set=ISO-8859-1". Pine will
   also map common characters for IBM Code Page 866 to ISO-8859-5 and
   back when "character-set=ISO-8859-5". The mappings are bi-directional,
   and applied to all saved text attachments in the defined character
   set, messages exported, etc.
   
   Alternatively, the translation tables can be configured externally and
   applied at run time whenever the "character-set=" variable is set to
   something other then "US-ASCII" (the default). PC-Pine looks in the
   text file pointed to by the environment variable "ISO_TO_CP" for the
   table to use for mapping text matching the type defined by the
   "character-set=" variable into the local Code Page value. PC-Pine
   looks in the text file pointed to by the environment variable
   "CP_TO_ISO" for the table to use for mapping text in the local Code
   Page into outbound text tagged with the "character-set=" variable's
   value.
   
   A text file containing a character set mapping table is expected to
   contain 256 elements where each element is a decimal number separated
   from the next element by white-space (space, tab or newline, but no
   commas!). The index of the element is the character's value in the
   source character set, and the element's value is the corresponding
   character's value in the destination character set.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Interrupted and Postponed Messages

   If the user is composing mail and is interrupted by being disconnected
   (SIGHUP, SIGTERM or end of file on the standard input), Pine will save
   the interrupted composition and allow the user to continue it when he
   or she resumes Pine. As the next Pine session starts, a message will
   be given that an interrupted message can be continued. To continue the
   interrupted message, simply go into the composer. To get rid of the
   interrupted message, go into the composer and then cancel the message
   with ^C.
   
   Composition of half-done messages may be postponed to a later time by
   giving the ^O command. Other messages can be composed while postponed
   messages wait. All of the postponed messages are kept in a single
   folder. Postponing is a good way to quickly reference other messages
   while composing.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Message Status

   The c-client library allows for several flags or status marks to be
   set for each message. Pine uses four of these flags: UNSEEN, DELETED,
   ANSWERED, and FLAGGED. The "N" in Pine's FOLDER INDEX means that a
   message is unseen-it has not been read from this folder yet. The "D"
   means that a message is marked for deletion. Messages marked with "D"
   are removed when the user expunges the folder (which usually happens
   when the folder is closed or the user quits Pine). The "A" in Pine's
   FOLDER INDEX means that the message has been replied-to. The "*" in
   Pine's FOLDER INDEX means that the message has been ``flagged'' as
   important. That is, the user used the Flag command to turn the FLAGGED
   flag on. This flag can mean whatever the user wants it to mean. It is
   just a way to mark some messages as being different from others. It
   will usually probably be used to mark a message as somehow being
   ``important''. For Berkeley format folders, the message status is
   written into the email folder itself on the header lines marked
   Status: and X-Status. In Tenex and PC-Pine's MTX folder formats, the
   status goes into the 36-bit octal flags.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
MIME: Reading a Message

   Pine should be able to handle just about any MIME message. When a MIME
   message is received, Pine will display a list of all the parts, their
   types and sizes. It will display the attachments when possible and
   appropriate and allow users to save all other attachments.
   
   Starting with version 3.90, Pine honors the "mailcap" configuration
   system for specifying external programs for handling attachments. The
   mailcap file maps MIME attachment types to the external programs
   loaded on your system which can display and/or print the file. A
   sample mailcap file comes bundled with the Pine distribution. It
   includes comments which explain the syntax you need to use for
   mailcap. With the mailcap file, any program (mail readers,
   newsreaders, WWW clients) can use the same configuration for handling
   MIME-encoded data.
   
   If a $MAILCAPS environment variable is defined, Pine will use that to
   look for one or more mailcap files, which are combined. In the absence
   of $MAILCAPS, Unix Pine will look for a personal mailcap file in
   ~/.mailcap and combine that with a system-wide file in /etc/mailcap.
   PC-Pine will look for a file named MAILCAP in the same directory as
   the PINERC file, and/or the directory containing the PINE.EXE
   executable.
   
   Messages which include rich text or enriched text in the main body
   will be displayed in a very limited way (it will show bold and
   underlining).
   
   If Pine sees a MIME message part tagged as type IMAGE, and Pine's
   image-viewer. configuration variable is set, Pine will attempt to send
   that attachment to the named image viewing program. In the case of
   UNIX Pine, the DISPLAY environment variable is checked to see if an
   X-terminal is being used (which can handle the images). If the
   image-viewer variable is not set, Pine uses the mailcap system to
   determine what to do with IMAGE types, just as it does for any other
   non-TEXT type, e.g. type APPLICATION. For MIME's generic "catch all"
   type, APPLICATION/OCTET-STREAM, the mailcap file will probably not
   specify any action, but Pine users may always Save any MIME attachment
   to a file.
   
   MIME type "text/plain" is handled a little bit differently than the
   other types. If you are viewing the main body part in the MESSAGE TEXT
   viewing screen, then Pine will use its internal viewer to display it.
   This happens even if there is a mailcap description which matches this
   particular type. If it is labelled as having a character set other
   than the one you are using, it will still be displayed by the internal
   viewer (perhaps incorrectly), though you will get a warning message
   prepended to the message in the viewing screen. However, if you view a
   part of type "text/plain" from the ATTACHMENT INDEX screen, then Pine
   will check the mailcap database for a matching entry and use it in
   preference to its internal viewer.
   
   Some text attachments, specifically those which are just other email
   messages forwarded as MIME messages, are displayed as part of the main
   body of the message. This distinction allows easy display when
   possible (the forward as MIME case) and use of an attachment viewer
   when that is desirable (the plain text file attachment case).
   
   If the parts of a multipart message are alternate versions of the same
   thing Pine will select and display the one best suited. For parts of
   type "message/external-body", the parameters showing the retrieval
   method will be displayed, but the retrieval process is not yet
   automated. Messages of type "message/partial" are not currently
   supported.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
MIME: Sending a Message

   There are two important factors when trying to include an attachment
   in a message: encoding and labeling. Pine has rules for both of these
   which try to assure that the message goes out in a form that is robust
   and can be handled by other MIME mail readers.
   
   MIME has two ways of encoding data-Quoted-Printable and Base64.
   Quoted-Printable leaves the ASCII text alone and only changes 8-bit
   characters to "=" followed by the hex digits. For example, "=09" is a
   tab. It has the advantage that it is mostly readable and that it
   allows for end of line conversions between unlike systems. Base64
   encoding is similar to uuencode or btoa and just encodes a raw bit
   stream. This encoding is designed to get text and binary files through
   even the most improperly implemented and configured gateways intact,
   even those that distort uuencoded data.
   
   All attachments are encoded using Base64 encoding. This is so that the
   attachment will arrive at the other end looking exactly like it did
   when it was sent. Since Base64 is completely unreadable except by
   MIME-capable mailers or programs, there is an obvious tradeoff being
   made here. We chose to ensure absolutely reliable transport of
   attachments at the cost of requiring a MIME-capable mailer to read
   them. If the user doesn't want absolute integrity he or she may always
   include text (with the ^R command) in the body of a message instead of
   attaching it. With this policy, the only time quoted-printable
   encoding is used is when the main body of a message includes special
   foreign language characters.
   
   When an attachment is to be sent, Pine sniffs through it to try to set
   the right label (content-type and subtype). An attachment with any
   lines longer than 500 characters in it or more than 10% of the
   characters are 8-bit it will be considered binary data. Pine will
   recognize (and correctly label) a few special types including GIF,
   JPEG, PostScript, and some audio formats.
   
   If it is not binary data (has only a small proportion of 8-bit
   characters in it,) the attachment is considered 8-bit text. 8-bit text
   attachments are labeled "text/plain" with charset set to the value of
   the user's character-set variable. If an attachment is ASCII (no 8-bit
   characters) and contains no ESCAPE, ^N, or ^O characters (the
   characters used by some international character sets), then it is
   considered plain ASCII text. Such attachments are given the MIME label
   "text/plain; charset=US-ASCII", regardless of the setting of the
   user's character-set variable.
   
   All other attachments are unrecognized and therefore given the generic
   MIME label "application/octet-stream".
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
New Mail Notification

   Pine checks for new mail in the INBOX and in the currently open folder
   at least every two and a half minutes. It used to be 30 seconds
   instead of 150 seconds, but we increased it in order to reduce the
   load on large systems with lots of Pine users. The value can be
   changed at compile-time in the pine/os.h file. If you really don't
   want to wait you can force a new mail check by pressing N Next with
   the cursor on the last message of the message index or by redrawing
   the screen with a ^L.
   
   When there is new mail, the message(s) will appear in the index, the
   screen will beep, and a notice showing the sender and subject will be
   displayed. If there has been more than one new message since you last
   issued a command to Pine, the notice will show the count of new
   messages and the sender of the most recent one.
   
   Questions have arisen about the interaction between Pine and external
   mail notification routines (biff, csh, login). Firstly and
   unfortunately, we have found no PC based program that will check for
   email on an IMAP server when PC-Pine is not running. If you find one,
   please tell us.
   
   The UNIX case is more complicated. Pine sets the modification and
   access time on a file every time it performs a write operation (status
   change or expunge). You need to see which of these your email
   notification program is looking at to know how it will behave with
   Pine.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
NFS

   It is possible to access mail folders on NFS mounted volumes with
   Pine, but there are some drawbacks to doing this, especially in the
   case of incoming-message folders that may be concurrently updated by
   Pine and the system's mail delivery agent. One concern is that Pine's
   user-contention locks don't work because /tmp is usually not shared,
   and even if it was, flock() doesn't work across NFS.
   
   The implementation of the standard UNIX ".lock" file locking has been
   modified to work with NFS as follows. Standard hitching post locking
   is used so first a uniquely named file is created, usually something
   like xxxx.host.time.pid. Then a link to it is created named xxxx.lock
   where the folder being locked is xxxx. This file constitutes the lock.
   This is a standard UNIX locking scheme. After the link returns, a
   stat(2) is done on the file. If the file has two links, it is
   concluded that the lock succeeded and it is safe to proceed.
   
   In order to minimize the risks of locking failures via NFS, we
   strongly recommend using IMAP rather than NFS to access remote
   incoming message folders, e.g. your INBOX. However, it is generally
   safe to access personal saved-message folders via NFS since it is
   unlikely that more than one process will be updating those folders at
   any given time. Still, some problems may occur when two Pine sessions
   try to access the same mail folder from different hosts without using
   IMAP. Imagine the scenario: Pine-A performs a write that changes the
   folder. Pine-B then attempts to perform a write on the same folder.
   Pine-B will get upset that the file has been changed from underneath
   it and abort operations on the folder. Pine-B will continue to display
   mail from the folder that it has in its internal cache, but it will
   not read or write any further data. The only thing that will be lost
   out of the Pine-B session when this happens is the last few status
   changes.
   
   If other mail readers besides Pine are involved, all bets are off.
   Typically, mailers don't take any precautions against a user opening a
   mailbox more than once and no special precautions are taken to prevent
   NFS problems.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Printers and Printing

   UNIX Pine can print to the standard UNIX line printers or to generic
   printers attached to ANSI terminals using the escape sequences to turn
   the printer on and off. The user has a choice of three printers in the
   configuration.
   
   The first setting, attached-to-ansi, makes use of escape sequences on
   ANSI/VT100 terminals. It uses "<ESC>[5i" to begin directing all output
   sent to the terminal to the printer and then "<ESC>[6i" to return to
   normal. Pine will send these escape sequences if the printer is set to
   attached-to-ansi. This works with most ANSI/VT100 emulators on Macs
   and PCs such as kermit, NCSA telnet, VersaTerm Pro, and WinQVT.
   Various terminal emulators implement the print feature differently.
   For example, NCSA telnet requires "capfile = PRN" in the config.tel
   file. Attached-to-ansi printing doesn't work at all with the telnet
   provided with PC-NFS.
   
   The second selection is the standard UNIX print command. The default
   is lpr, but it can be changed on a system basis to anything so desired
   in /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.
   
   The third selection is the user's personal choice for a UNIX print
   command. The text to be printed is piped into the command. Enscript or
   lpr with options are popular choices. The actual command is retained
   even if one of the other print selections is used for a while.
   
   If you have a PostScript printer attached to a PC or Macintosh, then
   you will need to use a utility called ansiprt to get printouts on your
   printer. Ansiprt source code and details can be found in the ./contrib
   directory of the Pine distribution.
   
   The three printer choices are for UNIX Pine only. PC-Pine for DOS can
   only print to the locally attached printer. All printing on PC-Pine
   (DOS) is done via ROM BIOS Print Services (Int 17h). After verifying
   the existence of a local printer via the BIOS Equipment-List Service
   (Int 11h), it simply sends the message text, character by character,
   to the first printer found using ASCII CR and LF at the end of lines
   and followed by an ASCII FF. Note, some system adjustments using the
   PC's "MODE" command may be required if the printer is not on the first
   parallel port. PC-Pine cannot generate PostScript, so printing to
   exclusively PostScript printers does not work.
   
   PC-Pine for Winsock uses the MS-Windows printer interface. A Pine
   print command will bring up a standard MS-Windows printer dialog box.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Save and Export

   Pine users get two options for moving messages in Pine: save and
   export. Save is used when the message should remain ``in the Pine
   realm.'' Saved messages include the complete header (including header
   lines normally hidden by Pine), are placed in a Pine folder collection
   and accumulate in a standard folder format which Pine can read. In
   contrast, the export command is used to write the contents of a
   message to a file for use outside of Pine. Messages which have been
   exported are placed in the user's home directory (unless the feature
   use-current-dir is turned on), not in a Pine folder collection. Unless
   FullHeaderMode is toggled on, all delivery-oriented headers are
   stripped from the message. Even with export, Pine retains message
   separators so that multiple messages can accumulate in a single file
   and subsequently be accessed as a folder. On UNIX systems, the export
   command pays attention to the standard umask for the setting of the
   file permissions.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Sent Mail

   Pine's default behavior is to keep a copy of each outgoing message in
   a special "sent mail" folder. This folder is also called the fcc for
   "file carbon copy". The existence, location and name of the sent mail
   folder are all configurable. Sent mail archiving can be turned off by
   setting the configuration variable default-fcc="". The sent mail
   folder is assumed to be in the default collection for saves, which is
   the first collection named in folder-collections. The name of the
   folder can be chosen by entering a name in default-fcc. With PC-Pine,
   this can be a bit complicated. If the default collection for saves is
   local (DOS), then the default-fcc needs to be "SENTMAIL", which is
   syntax for a DOS file. However, if the default collection for saves is
   remote, then the default-fcc needs to be "sent-mail" to match the UNIX
   syntax.
   
   The configuration variable fcc-name-rule also plays a role in
   selecting the folder to save sent mail in. See the documentation on it
   in the section on configuration variables.
   
   The danger here is that the sent mail could grow without bound. For
   this reason, we thought it useful to encourage the users to
   periodically prune their sent mail folder. The first time Pine is used
   each month it will offer to archive all messages sent from the month
   before. Pine also offers to delete all the sent mail archive folders
   which are more than 1 month old. If the user or system has disabled
   sent mail archiving (by setting the configuration variable
   default-fcc="") or if the fcc folder is a remote/IMAP folder then
   there will be no pruning question.
   
   It is likely that Pine will be improved so that users can set the time
   increment for pruning (weekly, monthly, yearly, never) but that has
   not been implemented yet.
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Spell Checker

   Spell checking is available for UNIX Pine only. We could not find an
   appropriate PC based spell checker to hook into PC-Pine. Even UNIX
   Pine depends on the system for its spell checking and dictionary.
   Pico, the text editor, uses the same spell checking scheme as Pine.
   
   Lines beginning with ">" (usually messages included in replies) are
   not checked. The message text to be checked is on the standard input
   and the incorrect words are expected on the standard output.
   
   The default spell checker is UNIX spell. You can replace this at
   compile time for the whole system. Pine also respects the environment
   variable SPELL. Beginning in Pine 3.92, there is also a "speller"
   configuration entry in the Setup/Config screen and configuration
   files. If it is set, Pine will use that as the spelling checker. The
   spelling checker reads its words from a standard dictionary on the
   system. Below is a description, contributed by Bob Hurt, of how you
   can create your own personal dictionary with additional ``correct''
   words.
   
   Step 1:
          Make a file with all the words you want to include in your new
          dictionary. I did mine with one word per line in alphabetical
          order. Caps don't matter at all, as far as I know.
   Step 2:
          At the UNIX prompt, type "cat [word file] | spellin
          /usr/dict/hlista > [new dict name]" where [word file] is the
          file you just created and [new dict name] is the name of the
          new dictionary that Pine will look at instead of the standard
          /usr/dict/hlista. I named my word file .bobwords and my
          dictionary .bobspell so I don't have to see them when I do a ls
          command (ls doesn't list "dot" files). I also put the above
          command into my .alias file as the command makedict so I can
          add a word to my word file and easily recreate my dictionary.
          NOTE: the new dictionary is in something called a "hashed"
          format, and can't be read normally.
   Step 3:
          Check your new dictionary. At the UNIX prompt, type "cat [word
          file] | spellout [new dict name]" If you did everything
          correctly, it should just give you another prompt. If it lists
          any of the words in your file, something is wrong. I can try to
          help if all else fails.
   Step 4:
          Now you have to tell UNIX to use your dictionary instead of the
          standard one by setting the environment variable SPELL to
          access your dictionary. Go into your .login or .cshrc file in
          your home directory (it doesn't seem to make a difference which
          one you use) and add the line
          
     setenv SPELL "spell -d [new dict name]"
   
          I also created an alias for SPELL in my .alias file so I can
          use the UNIX spell command to spell-check a file outside of
          Pine. (The .alias line is: alias spell 'spell -d [new dict
          name]')
   Step 5:
          Now you need to logoff and log back on to let UNIX look at your
          .login (or .cshrc) file.
          
   Here is an alternative method suggested by Zachary Leber:
   
   
          Create a list (e.g. .zachwords) with the upper case followed by
          lower case words, sorted alphabetically.
   
          Add this line to .cshrc:
          
     setenv SPELL 'spell +/home/ie/rsa/.zachwords'
   
          The limitation here is that the path must be absolute (e.g.
          +~/.zachwords doesn't work).
   
          My man pages for spell show this + flag to be an easy way to do
          the exception list. This way you don't have to bother with hash
          lists or rehashing, and it seems to work across several
          platforms.
          
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Terminal Emulation and Key Mapping

   Pine has been designed to require as little as possible from the
   terminal. At the minimum, Pine requires cursor positioning, clear to
   end of line, and inverse video. Unfortunately, there are terminals
   that are missing some of these such as a vt52. Pine makes no
   assumptions as to whether the terminal wraps or doesn't wrap. If the
   terminal has other capabilities it may use some of them. Pine won't
   run well on older terminals that require a space on the screen to
   change video attributes, such as the Televideo 925. One can get around
   this on some terminals by using "protected field" mode. The terminal
   can be made to go into protected mode for reverse video, and then
   reverse video is assigned to protected mode.
   
   Pine handles screens of most any size and resizing on the fly. It
   catches SIGWINCH and does the appropriate thing. A screen one line
   high will display only the new mail notification. Screens that are
   less than ten columns wide don't format very nicely or work well, but
   will function fine again once resized to something large. Pine sets an
   internal maximum screen size (currently 170x200) and decides to use
   either termcap or terminfo when it is compiled.
   
   On the input side of things, Pine uses all the standard keys, most of
   the control keys and (in function-key mode) the function keys. Pine
   avoids certain control keys, specifically ^S, ^Q, ^H, and ^\ because
   they have other meanings outside of Pine (they control data flow,
   etc.) ^H is treated the same as the delete key, so the backspace or
   delete keys always works regardless of any configuration. In an
   upcoming version, there will be an option to have the delete key
   behave like ^D rather than ^H.
   
   Sometimes a communications program or communications server in between
   you and the other end will eat certain control characters. There is a
   work-around when you need it. If you type two escape characters
   followed by a character that will be interpreted as the character with
   the control key depressed. For example, ESC ESC T is equivalent to ^T.
   
   When a function key is pressed and Pine is in regular (non-function
   key) mode, Pine traps escape sequences for a number of common function
   keys so users don't get an error message or have an unexpected command
   executed for each character in the function key's escape sequence.
   Pine expects the following escape sequences from terminals defined as
   VT100:
   
     ANSI/VT100
     F1: <ESC>OP
     F2: <ESC>OQ
     F3: <ESC>OR
     F4: <ESC>OS
     F5: <ESC>Op
     F6: <ESC>Oq
     F7: <ESC>Or
     F8: <ESC>Os
     F9: <ESC>Ot
     F10: <ESC>Ou
     F11: <ESC>Ov
     
   Arrow keys are a special case. Pine has the escape sequences for a
   number of conventions for arrow keys hard coded and does not use
   termcap to discover them. This is because termcap is sometimes
   incorrect, and because many users have PC's running terminal emulators
   that don't conform exactly to what they claim to emulate. Some arrow
   keys on old terminals send single control characters like ^K (one even
   sends ^\). These arrow keys will not work with Pine. The most popular
   escape sequences for arrow keys are:
   
     Up: <ESC>[A <ESC>?x <ESC>A <ESC>OA
     Down: <ESC>[B <ESC>?r <ESC>B <ESC>OB
     Right: <ESC>[C <ESC>?v <ESC>C <ESC>OC
     Left: <ESC>[D <ESC>?t <ESC>D <ESC>OD
     
   It is possible to configure an NCD X-terminal so that some of the
   special keys operate. Brad Greer contributes these instructions:
   
   1.
          In your .Xdefaults file, include the following "translations",
          using lower hex values:
          
     Pine*VT100.Translations: #override \n\
     <Key>Delete: string(0x04) \n\
     <Key>End: string(0x05) \n\
     <Key>Escape: string(0x03) \n\
     <Key>Home: string(0x01) \n\
     <Key>Next: string(0x16) \n\
     <Key>Prior: string(0x19) \n\
     <Key>KP_Enter: string(0x18) \n\
   2.
          Start up Pine from an xterm, and specify a "resource name".
          This resource name will allow the user to specify resources for
          Pine (that deviate from the defaults). For example, xterm -name
          Pine -e pine & (the resource name Pine corresponds to the
          translations just added in the .Xdefaults file).

                      Notes for Porting and Modification
                                       
Porting Pine to Other Platforms

   Substantial effort has gone into making Pine/Pico portable. There are
   still, of course, a number of machine dependencies. Some of the ports
   are well-tested and some are untested. In particular, the most heavily
   used ports are the Ultrix, NeXT, DOS, and PTX ports.
   
   Each platform is given a three letter name (see the file
   doc/pine-ports). Make up a new one for your new port. We've attempted
   to bring all potential platform dependencies into three files:
   os-xxx.h, os-xxx.c, and makefile.xxx where xxx is the three letter
   name of the port. Thus any new port will hopefully just result in new
   versions of these files and some notes for the pine-ports file. There
   are actually nine new files needed, because there is a set of these
   files in the c-client, Pico, and Pine source directories. (As you can
   tell by reading this technical note, Pine originated on Unix systems.
   There are still probably many Unix dependencies built in, but these
   should be diminishing now that there are DOS, Windows, and VMS ports.
   Regrettably, the source code is full of instances of "ifdef DOS". Most
   of these are due to memory limit problems on DOS as opposed to actual
   system dependencies.
   
   The makefiles are kept as simple and straight-forward as possible,
   because many previous attempts at automatically figuring out what to
   do seem to have become complex and ineffective in what they set out to
   do: which is to make compiling and installing the program easy. Each
   port is for a specific hardware/software platform, also because past
   attempts to generalize on versions of Unix or some CPU architecture
   don't seem to have gained much. Thus, there is a separate makefile for
   each platform that calls the appropriate compiler and linker with the
   appropriate flags. Most of these makefiles are pretty similar. The
   makefile also specifies which of the os-xxx.c and os-xxx.h files to
   use. It is the root from which all platform dependencies are selected.
   In most cases the makefile also defines a symbol named after the
   platform on which there can be dependencies in the source code, though
   we've tried to minimize relying on this where reasonable. Pine, Pico,
   and the C-client don't quite do everything the same (there are at
   least three separate authors involved). Basically, to build the source
   in one of the directories, run make -f makefile.xxx where xxx is the
   three-letter name of the platform. That's all the build script does.
   When starting a new port in the pine directory, there is a generic
   makefile called makefile.gen which should be a good starting point.
   
   The file os-xxx.h is used for general platform dependent #include's
   and #defines. In the pine directory these .h files are located in the
   osdep subdirectory. All the include files that have been found to vary
   from one platform to another are also included here. In the case of
   Pico, there is only one os-xxx.h file called os-unx.h for most of the
   supported Unix ports and inside it are #ifdefs based on the platform
   specific symbol defined in the makefile. On the other hand, Pine now
   has a separate os-xxx.h file for each platform. There are a number of
   Pine configuration settings that are defined here, as well, such as
   the place it looks for certain files, defaults for the printer and
   folder names, the maximum screen size, and so on. For the Pine portion
   of the port, start by looking at the generic os-gen.h file and
   comparing it to some of the specific os-xxx.h files in osdep.
   
   The os-xxx.c file contains functions that are potentially platform
   dependent. Again, the idea is to gather all the dependencies in one
   place. Pico uses the same strategy here as it uses with os-unx.h. That
   is, there is a single os-unx.c file for most of the Unix ports. Pine
   uses a complicated looking method to produce the os-xxx.c file from a
   set of included files. Each included file usually contains a single
   function and we've found that there are usually only a couple
   different implementations of each function in the ports we've done so
   far. Hopefully, coming up with an os-xxx.c for a new port will usually
   be a matter of including the right set of these already written
   functions. This is done by writing a new os-xxx.ic file in the osdep
   subdirectory. Start with the generic os-gen.ic, as you did with the
   os-gen.h file above.
   
   We strongly encourage that no changes be made to the general source
   when porting and that all changes be contained in the three/nine
   system dependent files if possible. The object is to maintain source
   code integrity and assimilate ports to new platforms rapidly. The more
   conventional way to do this is with a large collection of #ifdefs. The
   problem with this is that adding a port for a new platform implies
   changing the source code for all the other platforms and thereby risks
   breaking them. (We readily admit that there are still too many ifdefs
   in the code, but we haven't had time to devote to fully cleaning that
   up.)
   
   If you do port Pine to a new platform we hope that you will send us
   the changes required so that we may attempt to include it in a later
   release. Thanks!
   
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
Test Checklist

   The following is a checklist of some things to check when testing a
   new port:
   
   ___
          Sending mail, check that headers are correct
   ___
          Sending mail with attachments
   ___
          Sending mail with SMTP server
   ___
          Sending mail without SMTP server
   ___
          Sending mail with list of two SMTP servers, first one doesn't
          answer
   ___
          Replying to and forwarding a message
   ___
          Postponing messages under composition
   ___
          Composer operations
   ___
          Alternate editor, enable-alternate-editor-implicitly
   ___
          Make sure local user names are expanded
   ___
          Test spelling checker
   ___
          Catching of SIGHUP while message is being composed
   ___
          Setting of variables in .pinerc
   ___
          New mail notification. Should happen with Pine idle to check
          timeouts
   ___
          Reading mail (attachments, MIME, MIME with mailcap viewers)
   ___
          Deleting, undeleting, expunging, sorting
   ___
          Expunge to empty folder
   ___
          Make sure that ~ expansion works in config files
   ___
          Make sure that $VAR expansion works in config files
   ___
          Save message to folder, check error conditions such as
          permission denied
   ___
          Export message with FullHeaderMode on and off
   ___
          Checkpointing (see the section on checkpointing)
   ___
          Open IMAP and RIMAP folders
   ___
          Default-fcc on remote IMAP server
   ___
          Fcc-name-rule, fcc in addrbook (while composing)
   ___
          Test opening bogus folders: invalid format, no permission
   ___
          Open a USENET news group, list in folder-lister, read news,
          post news
   ___
          Command line arguments
   ___
          Change password
   ___
          Lock keyboard
   ___
          Address book operations (edit, delete, add, lists, whereis,
          composeto)
   ___
          ReadOnly address book
   ___
          Look at addrbook, change addrbook-sort-rule in Config, go back
          to addrbook screen
   ___
          No permission to write in same directory as addrbook, should
          create addrbook.lu in a temp directory
   ___
          Multiple address books
   ___
          Address book loops from one addrbook to another and back
   ___
          TakeAddr command with one address, with multiple addresses
   ___
          TakeAddr command with ReadOnly address books
   ___
          TakeAddr command with one of two address books ReadOnly
   ___
          Send mail with empty address book
   ___
          Config Screen operation, does pinerc get written?
   ___
          Make sure SIGTSTP, ^Z works
   ___
          Pinef
   ___
          Sent-mail pruning (set back last-time-prune-questioned
          variable)
   ___
          Printing using all three printer configurations, various
          screens
   ___
          View help text and news
   ___
          Folder list operations (rename, create, delete...)
   ___
          Saved-msg-name-rule
   ___
          Screen redrawing in various screens (^L)
   ___
          Window resizing in various screens
   ___
          Error messages for incorrect terminal types (try "foo" and
          "vt52")
   ___
          Reading of /usr/local/lib/pine.conf
   ___
          Fixing variables and features in /usr/local/lib/pine.conf.fixed
   ___
          Flag command (check message status changed in mail folder)
   ___
          Initial-keystroke-list
   ___
          Aggregate operations (save, delete, export, takeaddr, ...)
   ___
          Build xxx from scratch, build clean
